Drilling or digging

Access to groundwater is not always easy, so many different types of drilling mechanisms (ranging in depth capacity and costs) are covered in this section. Africa, for example, is said to have rich amounts of groundwater, as compared with other continents. That said, machine-drilled wells are often too expensive for most of the population. Drilling ‘shallow’ wells (up to 35 meter depth) by hand, reduces the price of a well by a factor 4 to 10 compared to a machine-drilled borehole. This cost reduction enables NGOs and Governments to construct more water wells, but also ‘opens the door’ to villagers, farmers, schools and small communities to have a well constructed independently through the private sector.

Climate change considerations
With climate change events, such as drought, some areas of groundwater may be drying up, therefore deeper boreholes and wells may need to be drilled (creating greater expense). Since some aquifers will provide less water in times of drought, perched aquifers (aquifers higher than the water table) should be avoided. Coastal aquifers may get invaded by saline waters, therefore be sure to check water quality.

Hand auger - general	Hand auger - Vonder rig	Hand auger - driven wells	Percussion - general	Percussion - Stone hammer
Jetting - general	Jetting - EMAS method	Jetting - Engine powered rotary jetting	Sludging - Rota sludge	Sludging - Baptist method
Sludging - Asian sludge	Traditional hand-dug wells	Infiltration wells	Riverbed hand-dug wells	Riverbed jetted and driven wells
Rooted Reservoir Well	Bamboo screens

Manual drilling comparison of methods

Drilling Method Selection. Chart: WEDC Loughborough University Leicestershire.

Manual drilling links

How to Professionalize the Manual Drilling Sector in Africa 1	How to Professionalize the Manual Drilling Sector in Africa 2	Professionalizing Manual Drilling: 2. Building Capacity (English)
Professionlizing Manual Well Drilling: 4. Mapping (English)	Professionalizing Manual Well Drilling: 2. Drilling Techniques

• VIDEO: Manual drilling and pump installation, Madagascar by The Water Channel.
• Human-Powered Drilling Technologies, Richard Carter, Cranfield University, 2005.
• Groundwater and climate change in Africa: The Kampala Statement. Richard Taylor, University College London (UK), IAH Commission of Groundwater & Climate Change.

Acknowledgements

• Understanding Groundwater and Wells in Manual Drilling. Unicef.org.