Difference between revisions of "Urinal"

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{{santable_short|
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|{{Language-box|english_link=Urinal|french_link=Urinoir|spanish_link=Urinario|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}
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|style="width:25%;"|{{santable_short_new|
 
sys1=[[Waterless System with Urine Diversion|4]]|
 
sys1=[[Waterless System with Urine Diversion|4]]|
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sys2=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|8]]|
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sys2=[[Biogas System|5]]|
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sys3=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|9]]|
 
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pic=Urinal1.png|
 
pic=Urinal1.png|
 
Input1=Urine|Input2=Flushwater |Input3=| Input4= |Input5=|
 
Input1=Urine|Input2=Flushwater |Input3=| Input4= |Input5=|
 
Output1=Urine| Output2=Flushwater | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
 
Output1=Urine| Output2=Flushwater | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
 
}}
 
}}
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|[[Image:Urinal1.png |right|500px]]
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|}
  
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'''A Urinal is only used for collecting urine. Urinals are generally for men, although Urinals for women have also been developed.'''
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<br>
 +
----
  
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Urinals for women consist of raised foot-steps and a sloped channel or catchment area for conducting the urine to a collection technology. For men, Urinals can either be wall-mounted units that are vertical, or squat slabs that the user squats over. Most Urinals use water for flushing, but waterless Urinals are becoming increasingly popular.
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<br>
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[[Image:Icon_urinal.png|right|80px]]
  
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[[Image:Waterless_urinal.png|thumb|right|150px|[[Waterless urinal |Waterless urinal]], in Ethiopia (for credits, click the picture)]]
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'''A urinal is only used for collecting urine. Urinals are generally for men, although models for women have also been developed. Most urinals use water for flushing, but waterless urinals are becoming increasingly popular.'''
 +
 
 +
Urinals for women consist of raised foot-steps and a sloped channel or catchment area that conducts the urine to a collection technology. For men, urinals can be either vertical wall-mounted units, or squat slabs over which the user squats.
 +
 
 +
The urinal can be used with or without water and the plumbing can be developed accordingly. If water is used, it is mainly used for cleaning and limiting odours (with a water-seal).
 +
 
 +
===Design Considerations===
 +
For water-based urinals, the water use per flush ranges from less than 2 L in current designs to almost 20 L of flushwater in outdated models. Water-saving or waterless technologies should be favoured. To minimize odours and nitrogen loss in simple waterless urinal designs, the collection pipe should be submerged in the urine tank to provide a basic liquid seal.
 +
 
 +
Waterless urinals are available in a range of styles and complexities. Some urinals come equipped with an
 +
odour seal that may have a mechanical closure, a membrane, or a sealing liquid. Water-based Urinals use 8 to 12 litres of flushwater, whereas low-flush models use less than 4 litres of flushwater.
 +
 
 +
By putting a small target, or painted fly near the drain, the amount of spraying or splashing can be reduced;
 +
this type of user-guidance can help improve the cleanliness of the facility. Because the urinal is exclusively for
 +
urine it is important to also provide a toilet to be used for faeces.         
  
 
{{procontable | pro=
 
{{procontable | pro=
−
- Does not require a constant source of water <br>- Can be built and repaired with locally available materials <br>- Low capital and operating costs | con=- No real problems with odours if used and maintained correctly}}
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- Does not require a constant source of water <br>
 +
- Can be built and repaired with locally available materials <br>
 +
- Low capital and operating costs <br>
 +
- reuse of nutrients is possible
 +
| con=
 +
- Can lead to unpleasant odours when used or maintained incorrectly
 +
}}
 +
 
 +
===Appropriateness===
 +
[[Image:Waterless_urinal.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Waterless urinal |Waterless urinal]], in Ethiopia (click photo for credits)]]
 +
 
 +
Urinals can be used in homes as well as within public facilities. In some cases, the provision of a urinal is useful to prevent the misuse of dry systems (e.g., UDDT, U.2). Portable waterless urinals have been developed for use at large gatherings, to improve the sanitation facilities and reduce the point load of wastewater discharged at the site. In this way, a large volume of urine can be collected (and either used or discharged at a more appropriate location or time) and the remaining toilets can be reduced in number or used more efficiently. Urinals are appropriate for every climate.
 +
 
 +
===Health Aspects/Acceptance===
 +
The Urinal is a comfortable and easily accepted User Interface. In some cases, the provision of a urinal is useful to prevent the misuse of dry systems (e.g. [[Urine Diverting Dry Toilet|UDDT]]). Although simple in construction and design, urinals can have a large impact on the well-being of a community. When men have access to a urinal, they may urinate less often in public, which reduces unwanted odours and makes women feel more comfortable. Men have generally accepted waterless urinals, as they do not call for any change of behaviour.
  
−
==Adequacy==
+
===Operation & Maintenance===
 +
Maintenance is simple, but should be done frequently, especially for waterless urinals. All of the surfaces should be cleaned regularly (bowl, slab and wall) to prevent odours and to minimize the formation of stains.
  
−
The Urinal can be used with or without water and the plumbing can be developed accordingly. If water is used, it is mainly used for cleaning and limiting odours (with a water-seal). Water-based Urinals use 8 to 12 litres of flushwater, whereas low-flush models use less than 4 litres of flushwater. Because the Urinal is exclusively for urine it is important to also provide another toilet to be used for faeces. Waterless Urinals are available in a range of styles and complexities. Some Urinals come equipped with an odour seal that may have a mechanical closure, a membrane, or a sealing liquid. To minimize odours in simple Urinal designs, each Urinal should be equipped with a dedicated pipe that is submerged in the collected urine (or tank) to provide a basic water-seal. Portable waterless Urinals have been developed for use at large festivals, concerts and other gatherings, to improve the on-site sanitation facilities and reduce the point load of wastewater discharged at the site. In this way, a large volume of urine can be collected (and either used or discharged at a more appropriate location or time) and the remaining urine/faeces toilets can be reduced or used more efficiently. Urinals can be used in homes as well as within public facilities. By putting a small target, or painted fly near the drain, the amount of spraying or splashing can be reduced; this type of user-guidance can help improve the cleanliness of the facility. Urinals are appropriate for every climate.
+
Particularly, in waterless urinals, calcium- and magnesium-based minerals and salts can precipitate and build
 +
up in pipes and on surfaces where urine is constantly present. Washing the bowl with a mild acid (e.g., vinegar) and/or hot water can prevent the build-up of mineral deposits and scaling. Stronger (> 24% acetic) acid or a caustic soda solution (2 parts water to 1 part soda) can be used for removing blockages. However, in some
 +
cases manual removal may be required.
  
 +
For waterless urinals, it is critical to regularly check the functioning of the odour seal.
  
−
==Health Aspects/Acceptance==
+
=== Manuals, videos, and links ===
 +
The `Eco-Lily' from Ethiopia is made out of a common liquid container with a used light bulb acting as a floating `odour-lock' to reduce smells. The `Eco-Lily' is a device to be used as urinal both by men and women. SUDEA's experiences have showed that men can use it without any explanation while women often need some information on how to use it because of their biological difference.
  
−
The Urinal is a comfortable and easily accepted User Interface. In some cases, the provision of a Urinal is useful to prevent the misuse of dry systems (e.g. [[Urine Diverting Dry Toilet|UDDT]]). Urinals, although simple in construction and design, can have a large impact on the well-being of a community. When men have access to a Urinal, they may be encouraged to refrain from urinating in public, which reduces unwanted odours and allows women to feel more comfortable. Men have generally accepted waterless Urinals, as they do not call for any change of behaviour.
+
This [http://www.mrfriendly.eu/doc/WaterlessUrinalsFactSheet.pdf Factsheet] gives useful information about the installation of as Waterless Urinal.
  
 +
* General information about Waterless urinals [http://www.schoolsanitation.org www.schoolsanitation.org ]  [http://www.ircwash.org IRC ]
 +
* Mexico [http://www.laneta.apc.org/esac www.laneta.apc.org/esac ]
 +
* South Africa [http://www.csir.co.za www.csir.co.za ]
 +
  
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==Maintenance==
+
'''Helpful handwashing toolkit''': [http://web.archive.org/web/20150331190748/http://www.wsp.org/hwws-toolkit/hwws-tk-home Handwashing with Soap Toolkit]
  
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Maintenance is simple, but should be done frequently. Minerals and salts may build up in pipes and on surfaces where urine is constantly present. To prevent scaling, slightly acidic water and/or hot water can be used to dissolve any minerals that form. All of the surfaces should be cleaned regularly (bowl, slab and steps) to prevent odours and to minimize solids formation.
+
===Field experiences===
 +
<br>
 +
{|style="border: 2px solid #e0e0e0; width: 20%; text-align: justify; background-color: #e9f5fd;"  cellpadding="2"
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<!--rsr logo here-->
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|- style="vertical-align: top"
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|[[Image:akvorsr logo_lite.png|center|60px|link=http://akvo.org/products/rsr/]]
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<!--project blocks here-->
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|- style="vertical-align: bottom"
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|[[Image:project 467.jpg |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org//project/467/ RSR Project 467]<br>Community Water and Sanitation Project</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org//project/467/ ]]
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|}
  
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<br>
  
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==References==
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===References===
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* Elizabeth Tilley et.al (2008). [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systems.)
+
* Austin, A. and Duncker, L. (2002). Urine-Diversion. Ecological Sanitation Systems in South Africa (book). CSIR, Pretoria, ZA. (Directions for making a simple urinal using a 5 L plastic container)
  
−
* Austin, A. and Duncker, L. (2002). Urine-diversion. Ecological Sanitation Systems in South Africa. CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa. (Directions for making a simple Urinal using a 5L plastic container.)
+
* von Münch, E. and Dahm, P. (2009). [https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/Waterless_urinals_a_proposal_to_save_water_and_recover_urine_nutrients_in_Africa/9585524 Waterless Urinals: A Proposal to Save Water and Recover Urine Nutrients in Africa]. 34th WEDC International Conference. Addis Ababa, ET.
  
−
* CREPA (2008). Promotion de latrines ECOSAN à la 20è édition du FESPACO: Ecosan Info No. 8. Centre Régional pour l'Eau Potable et l'Assainissement à faible coût (CREPA), Burkina Faso. Available: http://www.reseaucrepa.org
+
* von Münch, E. and Winker, M. (2011). [http://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-875-giz2011-en-technology-review-urine-diversion.pdf Technology Review of Urine Diversion Components. Overview of Urine Diversion Components Such as Waterless Urinals, Urine Diversion Toilets, Urine Storage and Reuse Systems]. Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, DE.
  
−
* GTZ (1999). Technical data sheets for ecosan components: Waterless Urinals. GTZ, Germany. Available: http://www.gtz.de (Information about specialized urinals, which include stench traps and other specialized features.)
+
* NWP (2006). [https://www.ircwash.org/resources/smart-sanitation-solutions-examples-innovative-low-cost-technologies-toilets-collection Smart Sanitation Solutions. Examples of Innovative, Low-Cost Technologies for Toilets, Collection, Transportation, Treatment and Use of Sanitation Products]. Netherlands Water Partnership, The Hague, NL.
  
−
* Netherlands Water Partnership (NWP) (2006). Smart Sanitation Solutions. Examples of innovative, low-cost technologies for toilets, collection, transportation, treatment and use of sanitation products. NWP, Netherlands. (Provides country specific data and links for further information.)
+
===Acknowledgements===
 +
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}

Latest revision as of 18:53, 5 September 2020

English Français Español भारत മലയാളം தமிழ் 한국어 中國 Indonesia Japanese



Applicable to systems:
4, 5 , 9
Inputs
Urine, Flushwater
Outputs
Urine, Flushwater

Urinal1.png



Icon urinal.png

A urinal is only used for collecting urine. Urinals are generally for men, although models for women have also been developed. Most urinals use water for flushing, but waterless urinals are becoming increasingly popular.

Urinals for women consist of raised foot-steps and a sloped channel or catchment area that conducts the urine to a collection technology. For men, urinals can be either vertical wall-mounted units, or squat slabs over which the user squats.

The urinal can be used with or without water and the plumbing can be developed accordingly. If water is used, it is mainly used for cleaning and limiting odours (with a water-seal).

Design Considerations

For water-based urinals, the water use per flush ranges from less than 2 L in current designs to almost 20 L of flushwater in outdated models. Water-saving or waterless technologies should be favoured. To minimize odours and nitrogen loss in simple waterless urinal designs, the collection pipe should be submerged in the urine tank to provide a basic liquid seal.

Waterless urinals are available in a range of styles and complexities. Some urinals come equipped with an odour seal that may have a mechanical closure, a membrane, or a sealing liquid. Water-based Urinals use 8 to 12 litres of flushwater, whereas low-flush models use less than 4 litres of flushwater.

By putting a small target, or painted fly near the drain, the amount of spraying or splashing can be reduced; this type of user-guidance can help improve the cleanliness of the facility. Because the urinal is exclusively for urine it is important to also provide a toilet to be used for faeces.

Advantages Disadvantages/limitations
- Does not require a constant source of water

- Can be built and repaired with locally available materials
- Low capital and operating costs
- reuse of nutrients is possible

- Can lead to unpleasant odours when used or maintained incorrectly


Appropriateness

Waterless urinal, in Ethiopia (click photo for credits)

Urinals can be used in homes as well as within public facilities. In some cases, the provision of a urinal is useful to prevent the misuse of dry systems (e.g., UDDT, U.2). Portable waterless urinals have been developed for use at large gatherings, to improve the sanitation facilities and reduce the point load of wastewater discharged at the site. In this way, a large volume of urine can be collected (and either used or discharged at a more appropriate location or time) and the remaining toilets can be reduced in number or used more efficiently. Urinals are appropriate for every climate.

Health Aspects/Acceptance

The Urinal is a comfortable and easily accepted User Interface. In some cases, the provision of a urinal is useful to prevent the misuse of dry systems (e.g. UDDT). Although simple in construction and design, urinals can have a large impact on the well-being of a community. When men have access to a urinal, they may urinate less often in public, which reduces unwanted odours and makes women feel more comfortable. Men have generally accepted waterless urinals, as they do not call for any change of behaviour.

Operation & Maintenance

Maintenance is simple, but should be done frequently, especially for waterless urinals. All of the surfaces should be cleaned regularly (bowl, slab and wall) to prevent odours and to minimize the formation of stains.

Particularly, in waterless urinals, calcium- and magnesium-based minerals and salts can precipitate and build up in pipes and on surfaces where urine is constantly present. Washing the bowl with a mild acid (e.g., vinegar) and/or hot water can prevent the build-up of mineral deposits and scaling. Stronger (> 24% acetic) acid or a caustic soda solution (2 parts water to 1 part soda) can be used for removing blockages. However, in some cases manual removal may be required.

For waterless urinals, it is critical to regularly check the functioning of the odour seal.

Manuals, videos, and links

The `Eco-Lily' from Ethiopia is made out of a common liquid container with a used light bulb acting as a floating `odour-lock' to reduce smells. The `Eco-Lily' is a device to be used as urinal both by men and women. SUDEA's experiences have showed that men can use it without any explanation while women often need some information on how to use it because of their biological difference.

This Factsheet gives useful information about the installation of as Waterless Urinal.

Helpful handwashing toolkit: Handwashing with Soap Toolkit

Field experiences


Akvorsr logo lite.png
RSR Project 467
Community Water and Sanitation Project


References

  • Austin, A. and Duncker, L. (2002). Urine-Diversion. Ecological Sanitation Systems in South Africa (book). CSIR, Pretoria, ZA. (Directions for making a simple urinal using a 5 L plastic container)

Acknowledgements

Eawag compendium cover.png

The material on this page was adapted from:

Elizabeth Tilley, Lukas Ulrich, Christoph Lüthi, Philippe Reymond and Christian Zurbrügg (2014). Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies, published by Sandec, the Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries of Eawag, the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.

The 2nd edition publication is available in English. French and Spanish are yet to come.

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