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[[Image:Icon_EMAS_drilling.png|right|80px]][[Image:Emas.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Drilling a well in Colombia with the EMAS method.]][[Image:Emas1.png|thumb|right|200px|All the equipment needed easily fits on a small hand-cart.]]__NOTOC__ <small-title />手工鑽井中的EMAS方法是融合了[[Jetting - general|水力噴射]]、[[Percussion - general|衝擊鑽法]]以及[[Sludging - Rota sludge|迴旋式]]之鑽井技術。此方法需使用手動泥泵，每個行程末端鑽桿皆轉90度；這可鑽鑿到各種鬆土、綜合材料及輕石。但鑽桿無法穿過硬原岩及卵礫石（如：地下的古老河床）。管井直徑一般為37毫米。 The EMAS drilling method was developed by the Escuela Móvil de Agua y Saneamiento (Mobile School for Water and Sanitation, EMAS) in Bolivia. Project leader of EMAS in Bolivia is Wolfgang Eligius Buchner, born 1957 in Holzkirchen bei München. EMAS was established in 1993, and has provided training for about 130 independent well builders in its branches in San Julian (1994) and in Puerto Pérez (1997). 20 students have been able to graduate from the licensed craftsman course. The well builders in Bolivia have founded a well builder organization. During a three-month education, agricultural workers are trained to independently drill wells, build sanitary installations and market their skills in their local area depending on demand. The need for large financial investments for well drilling and the building of line systems has traditionally prohibited the construction of large scale potable water systems in rural areas. Wolfgang Buchner adapted already accepted suction - and rinsing drilling methods to local conditions. EMAS is not only the name of the mobile school for water and sanitation, but also a whole technical and social concept of water and sanitation which includes rain water harvesting, solar water heaters, windpower, hydraulic rams, water treatment, small tanks and sinks, a variety of hand and foot pumps, and ferrocement tanks. ===Suitable conditions ===[[Image:Emas0.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Emas well drilling]]Wells as deep as 90 meters can be drilled within 3-4 days without any machine employment and exclusively through the use of manual labor. Depths up to 100 mhave been reached with the EMAS method. Most regions of South America (loam and sandy soils) are geologically suitable for this drilling method (predominantly rinsing or suction drilling). This technique is suitable for weakly cohesive sands and silts. It adapts best to loamy soils, consolidated materials and light rock. In pure coarse sands, progress may be slow when only washing is used: the space between the drill stem and the well walls is relatively large, in relation to the slender drill stem, which makes for a slow upward flow. Sand may sink faster than it can be lifted out with the drilling fluid. In such conditions, it is easy to change from washing to suction drilling, by changing the handle. An example is shown in [http://blip.tv/file/2445078 this movie]. A universal drill bit was designed which is very good for washing and suction, and which cannot get plugged by stones. The borehole stays open by water pressure. To prevent collapsing fluid-drilled boreholes must be kept full of water during the entire drilling and well installation process. For a 20 m well, one or two barrels are needed, or about 10-20 liters per meter. {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|-! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages|-| valign="top" | - Very quick in fine and medium sand formations.<br>- Very simple and cheap equipment. <br>- No need for machines. <br>- No need for motor-powered mud pump and tower.<br>- Can work below the groundwater table. <br>- Uses non-corrosive, easily accessible and processable materials (PE and PVC). <br>- Low maintenance costs <br>- Low cost (approx. US-$ 6 per meter of depth including hand pump). This is about 10 times more economical than the least expensive commercially available method.<br>- Adaptable to other countries and regions with similar soil conditions.<br>| valign="top" | - Generally limited to sandy soils and soft clay. - Enough working water needs to be available on the drilling location. <br>- Leaving the borehole open during the night has a risk of collapsing.<br>- Slower than motorized drilling<br>|} ===Construction, operations and maintenance===Soft Clay is the easiest to drill, is suitable conditions 40 meters can be drilled in this material in one single day. For every meter, between 10 and 20 litre of water is needed, inlcuding washing. For a 20 meter well, one or two barrels of water are enough. Drilling is continuous: the drill bit is normally not removed from the borehole until it is finished or work is interrupted. As a portion of the drill stem is entered, another length of ¾” (19 mm) metal pipe with reinforced threads is screwed on. Drilling fluid (mud, a suspension of ordinary clay or bentonite with an adequate density) is pumped down through the drill stem using a hand-operated mud pump. The drilling fluid comes back up around the drill stem, carrying broken-up material. Sand and small stones settle in a settling area dug in the ground, and the mud is recycled through the pump. Percussion action is performed by lifting the drill with a lever, mounted on the drilling tower, and letting it fall down. Moreover, the drill is rotated half-turns in both directions, enhancing the grinding action of the bit. The resulting hole diameter is about two inches, and wells are cased with cheap 1 1/2” (39 mm) PVC pipe. This can accommodate a 1 1/4” PVC piston pump, but if required, the upper portion of the well (down to about 1 m below the lowest expected water table) can be reamed to accommodate larger diameter pumps. As the entire drill stem is metallic, the weight of the drill increases linearly with depth, so the deeper the well, the heavier the stroke, but stroke length is limited to about 30 cm by the lever. No temporary casing is used. Upon reaching the desired depth, drilling fluid is removed from the hole by injecting progressively lower density mud. If unstable layers are present, however, this diluting can make the well collapse before it can be cased. In such cases it may be better to case the well with mud in it and evacuate the mud afterwards by pouring or injecting water into the casing (backwashing). The complete rig can be built locally in about any arc-welding workshop, using only materials found in ordinary hardware stores. {|style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 1px; text-align: center; background-color: #efefef" align="center" width="70%" |-! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas2.png|thumb|center|200px|Setting up the light-weight drill tower.]]! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas4.png|thumb|center|200px|Installing the lever, used to move the drill stem up and down.]]! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas3.png|thumb|center|200px|Drilling in process: one person operates the lever, one person guides the drill stem and rotates it, the third person operates the mud pump.]]! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas8.png|thumb|center|200px|Putting in an EMAS flexi-pump.]]|-|[[Image:Emas7.png|thumb|center|200px|Wetting the cement for the pump base.]]|[[Image:Emas5.png|thumb|center|200px|The mud pump in close-up.]]|[[Image:Emas6.png|thumb|center|200px|The well screen, slits cut with saw, end capped. Later, a sock is pulled around the screen.]]|[[Image:Emas9.png|thumb|center|200px|After the well screen is put in the well, the well is developed by a special tool.]]|} ===Costs===An EMAS drilling rig, fit to drill holes up to 30 m deep, can be built in Bolivia for about US$ 600 - 800. This includes the tower, mud pump and all essential non-common tools to operate and maintain it. In most cases, the tube well is combined with an [[EMAS pump|EMAS hand pump]]. In that case, the total cost per meter, including labor, materials, hand pump and 1 year warranty, in Bolivia amounts to between 4 and 10 US$. The standard price is between 5 and 6 Dollars per meter. That price is calculated in 3 parts. Taking 6$ as basis, 2$ are for the material and hand pump (a hand pump is normally included in a well deeper than 20 meters), 2$ are for the wage of the two drillers (including also the maintenance of the equipment) and 2$ in the creation ofa reserve fund in case there is no water or not enough water found, salty water found or a drilling mistake is made such as a broken drill stem, the wrong filter sleeve, etc.Normally, for the price of 5$ a 1 year warrantee is given in case that the sand remains after 4 weeks use. The average well depth in Bolivia is around 27 meters, and costs approx. US$ 180 including an [[EMAS pump|EMAS hand pump]]. This makes a surface covering supply of drinking water possible for municipalities and families in rural areas. ===Field experiences===The EMAS method is mainly used in Bolivia, Panama, Ecuador, Paraguay, Brazil, Peru, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Eritrea and Sri Lanka. ===Manuals, videos and links===EMAS has produced a set of DVDs which cover, among others, EMAS drilling and other low cost water supply techniques. Contact Wolfgang Buchner in Bolivia at [email protected] or [email protected] if you would like to order a copy of the movies on DVD. EMAS manual well drilling is a method for drilling small-diameter tube wells by hand. The drilling method is a hybrid between washboring, percussion and rotary drilling. It permits to drill through all kinds of loose soils, as well as consolidated materials and light rock. It will not, however, penetrate hard original rock or boulders (e.g. ancient river beds underground). The usual diameter of the tube well is 37 mm. Movies made by Wolfgang Buchner. * Collection of [https://vimeo.com/emas EMAS movies] on different EMAS subjects. {|style="font-size: 120%"|-|{{#ev:youtube|B9zXHIrsdiw|200|auto|<center>Well drilling - standard <br>EMAS method - part 1</center>}}|{{#ev:youtube|T8SivxJ8LWg|200|auto|<center>Well drilling - standard <br>EMAS method - part 2</center>}}|{{#ev:youtube|mPz4WxQ245c|200|auto|<center>Suction variant to standard EMAS method - part 1</center>}}|-|{{#ev:youtube|qHwReBdKkr8|200|auto|<center>Well drilling - sludging with <br>temporary casing - part 1</center>}}|{{#ev:youtube|EIjSb7-z5fU|200|auto|<center>Well drilling - sludging with <br>temporary casing - part 2</center>}}|{{#ev:youtube|EmB9EFFNKc0|200|auto|<center>Well drilling - sludging with <br>temporary casing - part 3</center>}}|} ====Other resources====* The Technology Demonstration Center EMAS works with EMAS Jetting. See [[Technology Demonstration Centers]]* [http://www.emas-international.de/index.php?id=51&L=3 EMAS] on well drilling. * [http://paulcloesen.50webs.com/In-EN.htm EMAS drilling by Paul Cloesen].* Rural Water Supply Network, [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/manual-drilling/emas-drilling article on EMAS drilling]. *[[Solution_of_the_week_10|Akvo solution of the week 10]]*[[Solution_of_the_week_11|Akvo solution of the week 11]] ===Acknowledgements===* This article is based on an [http://www.paulcloesen.50webs.com/In-EN.htm article] by [http://www.paulcloesen.50webs.com/ Paul Cloesen], and on material from [http://www.emas-international.de/index.php?id=51&L=3 emas-international.de]
