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Water Portal / Rainwater Harvesting / Surface water / Catchment and storage dams

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[[Image:dam icon.png|right|80px|]]

[[Image:Catchment dam.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Turkana men and women build a dam on the river Lokitaung in northern Kenya. Photo by AFP/Simon Maina.]]

Water can be made available by damming a natural rainwater '''catchment ''' area, such as a valley, and storing the water in the reservoir formed by the dam, or diverting it to another reservoir. Important parameters in the planning of dams are: the annual rainfall and evaporation pattern; the present use and runoff coefficient of the catchment area (e.g. bare rock catchments have high runoff coefficients, around 0.9); water demand; and the geology and geography of the catchment area and building site.

'''Dams ''' can consist of raised banks of compacted earth (usually with an impermeable clay core, stone aprons and a spillway to discharge excess runoff), open rock reservoir catchments, and masonry or concrete (reinforced or not).

Open reservoirs behind a retaining structure have storage capacities ranging from 20 – 4,000 m³. Alternatively, a volume of water could be stored directly into covered storage tanks that collect water directly from the catchment.

Winona

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