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New page: <!-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables --> {{santable| sys1=1| sys2=[[Waterless System with Altern...
<!-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->
{{santable|
sys1=[[Single Pit System|1]]|
sys2=[[Waterless System with Alternating Pits|2]]|
sys3=[[Pour Flush System with Twin Pits|3]]|
sys4=[[Waterless System with Urine Diversion|4]]|
sys5=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|5]]|
sys6=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Sewerage|6]]|
sys7=[[(Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|7]]|
sys8=|
pic=Water_disposal_groundwater_recharge.png|
ApplHousehold=XX|
ApplNeighbourhood=XX|
ApplCity=XX|
ManHousehold=XX|
ManShared=XX|
ManPublic=XX|
Input1=Effluent |Input2= Stormwater|Input3=| Input4=|Input5=|
Output1= |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
}}
'''Treated effluent and/or stormwater can be discharged directly into receiving water bodies (such as rivers, lakes, etc.) or into the ground to recharge aquifers.'''
It is necessary to ensure that the assimilation capacity of the receiving water body is not exceeded, i.e. that the receiving body can accept the quantity of nutrients without being overloaded. Parameters such as turbidity, temperature, suspended solids, BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus (among others) should be carefully controlled and monitored before releasing any water into a natural body. The use of the water body, whether it is used for industry, recreation, spawning habitat, etc., will influence the quality and quantity of treated wastewater that can be introduced without deleterious effects.
Local authorities should be consulted to determine the discharge limits for the relevant parameters as they can vary widely. For especially sensitive areas, chlorination may be required to meet microbiological limits. Alternatively, water can be discharged into aquifers. Groundwater recharge is increasing in popularity as groundwater resources deplete and as saltwater intrusion becomes a greater threat to coastal communities. Although the soil is known to act as a filter for a variety of contaminants, groundwater recharge should not be viewed as a treatment method. Once an aquifer is contaminated, it is next to impossible to reclaim it. The quality of water extracted from a recharge aquifer is a function of the quality of the wastewater introduced, the method of recharge, the characteristics of the aquifer, the residence time, the amount of blending with other waters and the history of the system. Careful analysis of these factors should precede any recharge project.
{{procontable | pro=
- May provide a ‘drought-proof’ water supply (from groundwater). <br> - May increase productivity of water-bodies by maintaining constant levels. | con=
- Discharge of nutrients and micropollutants may affect natural water bodies and/or drinking water. <br> - Introduction of pollutants may have long-term impacts. <br> - R May negatively affect soil and groundwater properties.
}}
==Adequacy==
The adequacy of discharge into a water body or aquifer will depend entirely on the local environmental conditions and legal regulations. Generally, discharge to a water body is only appropriate when there is a safe distance between the discharge point and the next closest point of use. Similarly, groundwater recharge is most appropriate for areas that are at risk from salt water intrusion or aquifers that have a long retention time. Depending on the volume, the point of discharge and/or the quality of the water, a permit may be required.
==Health Aspects/Acceptance==
Generally, cations (Mg2+, K+, NH4 +) and organic matter will be retained within a solid matrix, while other contaminants (such as nitrates) will remain in the water. There are numerous models for the remediation potential of contaminants and microorganisms, but predicting downstream, or extracted water quality for a large suite of parameters is rarely feasible. Therefore, potable and non-potable water sources should be clearly identified, the most important parameters modelled and a risk assessment completed.
==Maintenance==
Regular monitoring and sampling is important to ensure compliance with regulations and to ensure public health requirements. Depending on the recharge method, some mechanical maintenance may be required.
==References==
* Elizabeth Tilley et.al (2008). [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systems.)
* ARGOSS (2001). Guidelines for assessing the risk to groundwater from on-site sanitation. British Geological Survey Commissioned Report, CR/01/142. Available: http://www.worldbank.org
* Seiler, KP. and Gat, JR. (2007). Groundwater Recharge from Run-off, Infiltration and Percolation. Springer, The Netherlands.
* Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, FL. and Stensel, HD. (2003). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, 4th Edition. Metcalf & Eddy, New York.
* WHO (2006). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater- Volume 3: Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture. WHO, Geneva.
{{santable|
sys1=[[Single Pit System|1]]|
sys2=[[Waterless System with Alternating Pits|2]]|
sys3=[[Pour Flush System with Twin Pits|3]]|
sys4=[[Waterless System with Urine Diversion|4]]|
sys5=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|5]]|
sys6=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Sewerage|6]]|
sys7=[[(Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|7]]|
sys8=|
pic=Water_disposal_groundwater_recharge.png|
ApplHousehold=XX|
ApplNeighbourhood=XX|
ApplCity=XX|
ManHousehold=XX|
ManShared=XX|
ManPublic=XX|
Input1=Effluent |Input2= Stormwater|Input3=| Input4=|Input5=|
Output1= |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
}}
'''Treated effluent and/or stormwater can be discharged directly into receiving water bodies (such as rivers, lakes, etc.) or into the ground to recharge aquifers.'''
It is necessary to ensure that the assimilation capacity of the receiving water body is not exceeded, i.e. that the receiving body can accept the quantity of nutrients without being overloaded. Parameters such as turbidity, temperature, suspended solids, BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus (among others) should be carefully controlled and monitored before releasing any water into a natural body. The use of the water body, whether it is used for industry, recreation, spawning habitat, etc., will influence the quality and quantity of treated wastewater that can be introduced without deleterious effects.
Local authorities should be consulted to determine the discharge limits for the relevant parameters as they can vary widely. For especially sensitive areas, chlorination may be required to meet microbiological limits. Alternatively, water can be discharged into aquifers. Groundwater recharge is increasing in popularity as groundwater resources deplete and as saltwater intrusion becomes a greater threat to coastal communities. Although the soil is known to act as a filter for a variety of contaminants, groundwater recharge should not be viewed as a treatment method. Once an aquifer is contaminated, it is next to impossible to reclaim it. The quality of water extracted from a recharge aquifer is a function of the quality of the wastewater introduced, the method of recharge, the characteristics of the aquifer, the residence time, the amount of blending with other waters and the history of the system. Careful analysis of these factors should precede any recharge project.
{{procontable | pro=
- May provide a ‘drought-proof’ water supply (from groundwater). <br> - May increase productivity of water-bodies by maintaining constant levels. | con=
- Discharge of nutrients and micropollutants may affect natural water bodies and/or drinking water. <br> - Introduction of pollutants may have long-term impacts. <br> - R May negatively affect soil and groundwater properties.
}}
==Adequacy==
The adequacy of discharge into a water body or aquifer will depend entirely on the local environmental conditions and legal regulations. Generally, discharge to a water body is only appropriate when there is a safe distance between the discharge point and the next closest point of use. Similarly, groundwater recharge is most appropriate for areas that are at risk from salt water intrusion or aquifers that have a long retention time. Depending on the volume, the point of discharge and/or the quality of the water, a permit may be required.
==Health Aspects/Acceptance==
Generally, cations (Mg2+, K+, NH4 +) and organic matter will be retained within a solid matrix, while other contaminants (such as nitrates) will remain in the water. There are numerous models for the remediation potential of contaminants and microorganisms, but predicting downstream, or extracted water quality for a large suite of parameters is rarely feasible. Therefore, potable and non-potable water sources should be clearly identified, the most important parameters modelled and a risk assessment completed.
==Maintenance==
Regular monitoring and sampling is important to ensure compliance with regulations and to ensure public health requirements. Depending on the recharge method, some mechanical maintenance may be required.
==References==
* Elizabeth Tilley et.al (2008). [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systems.)
* ARGOSS (2001). Guidelines for assessing the risk to groundwater from on-site sanitation. British Geological Survey Commissioned Report, CR/01/142. Available: http://www.worldbank.org
* Seiler, KP. and Gat, JR. (2007). Groundwater Recharge from Run-off, Infiltration and Percolation. Springer, The Netherlands.
* Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, FL. and Stensel, HD. (2003). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, 4th Edition. Metcalf & Eddy, New York.
* WHO (2006). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater- Volume 3: Wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture. WHO, Geneva.