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===Design Considerations===
Anaerobic ponds are built to a depth of 2 to 5 m and have a relatively short detention time of 1 to 7 days. Facultative ponds should be constructed to a depth of 1 to 2.5 m and have a detention time between 5 to 30 days. Aerobic ponds are usually between 0.5 to 1.5 m deep. If used in combination with [[Aquaculture Ponds | algae and/or fish harvesting ]] (see D.9), this type of pond is effective at removing the majority of nitrogen and phosphorus from the effluent. Ideally, several aerobic ponds can be built in series to provide a high level of pathogen removal.
[[Pre-Treatment Technologies|Pre-Treatment]] (see PRE, p. 100) is essential to prevent scum formation and to hinder excess solids and garbage from entering the ponds. To prevent leaching into the groundwater, the ponds should have a liner. The liner can be made from clay, asphalt, compacted earth, or any other impervious material. To protect the pond from runoff and erosion, a protective berm should be constructed around the pond using the excavated material. A fence should be installed to ensure that people and animals stay out of the area and that garbage does not enter the ponds.
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===References===
* Kayombo, S., Mbwette, T. S. A., Katima, J. H. Y., Ladegaard, N. and Jorgensen, S. E. (2004). [https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/KAYOMBO%20et%20al%202004%20Waste%20Stabilization%20Ponds%20and%20Constructed%20Wetlands%20Design%20Manual_0.pdf Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Wetlands Design Manual]. UNEP-IETC/Danida, Dar es Salaam, TZ/Copenhagen, DK.:Available at: [http://www.unep.org unep.org]
* Peña Varón, M. and Mara, D. D. (2004). [https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/VARON%202004%20%20Waste%20Stabilistion%20Ponds.pdf Waste Stabilisation Ponds]. Thematic Overview Paper. IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, Delft, NL.:Available at: [http://www.ircwash.org ircwash.org]
* Shilton, A. (Ed.) (2005). Pond Treatment Technology. Integrated Environmental Technology Series, IWA Publishing, London, UK.(Book)
* von Sperling, M. (2007). [https://www.iwapublishing.com/sites/default/files/ebooks/9781780402109.pdf Waste Stabilisation Ponds. Biological Wastewater Treatment Series, Volume Three]. IWA Publishing, London, UK.:Available at: [http://www.iwawaterwiki.org iwawaterwiki.org]
* von Sperling, M. and de Lemos Chernicharo, C. A. (2005). [https://www.iwapublishing.com/sites/default/files/ebooks/9781780402734.pdf Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions, Volume One]. IWA Publishing, London, UK. pp. 495-656.:Available at: [http://www.iwawaterwiki.org iwawaterwiki.org]
* Ulrich, A. (Ed.), Reuter, S. (Ed.), Gutterer, B. (Ed.), Sasse, L., Panzerbieter, T. and Reckerzügel, T. (2009). [https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/resources/books/DEWATS_-_Chapter_01.pdf Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS) and Sanitation in Developing Countries. A Practical Guide]. WEDC, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK. (Detailed description and Excel spreadsheets for design calculations)
===Acknowledgements===
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}