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sys1=[[Single Pit System |1]]|
sys2=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys4=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System |78]]|sys5=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|
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pic=Waste_stabilization_ponds.png|
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Input1=Blackwater|Input2=Greywater |Input3= Brownwater | Input4= Sludge |Input5=|Output1= Faecal Sludge | Output2=Effluent | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=|english_link=Waste_Stabilization_Pond|french_link=Bassins_de_lagunage|spanish_link=Estanques_de_Estabilizacion_de_Desperdicios
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'''Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) are large, manmade man-made water bodies. The ponds are filled with wastewater that is then treated by naturally occurring processes. The ponds can be used individually, or linked in a series for improved treatment. There are three types of ponds, (1) anaerobic, (2) facultative and (3) aerobic (maturation), each with different treatment and design characteristics.'''
<br>For the most effective treatment, WSPs should be linked in a series of three of or more with effluent being transferred flowing from the anaerobic pond to the facultative pond and , finally , to the aerobic pond. The anaerobic pond reduces solids and BOD as a pre-is the primary treatment stageand reduces the organic load in the wastewater. The pond is a fairly deep man-made lake where the entire depth of the this fairly deep pond is anaerobic. Anaerobic ponds are built to a depth of 2 to 5m Solids and have a relatively short detention time of 1 to 7 days. The actual design will depend on the wastewater characteristics BOD removal occurs by sedimentation and through subsequent anaerobic digestion inside the loading; a comprehensive design manual should be consulted for all types of WSPssludge. Anaerobic bacteria convert organic carbon into methane and in the , through this process, remove up to 60% of the BOD. Anaerobic ponds are capable of treating strong wastewaters.
In a series of WSPs , the effluent from the anaerobic pond is transferred to the facultative pond, where further BOD is removed. A facultative pond is shallower than an anaerobic pond and both aerobic and anaerobic processes occur within the pond. The top layer of the pond receives oxygen from natural diffusion, wind mixing and algaedriven algae-driven photosynthesis. The lower layer is deprived of oxygen and becomes anoxic or anaerobic. Settleable solids accumulate and are digested on the bottom of the pond. The aerobic and anaerobic organisms work together to achieve BOD reductions of up to 75%. The Anaerobic and facultative ponds are designed for BOD removal, while aerobic ponds are designed for pathogen removal. An aerobic pond should be constructed is commonly referred to as a maturation, polishing, or finishing pond because it is usually the last step in a series of ponds and provides the final level of treatment. It is the shallowest of the ponds, ensuring that sunlight penetrates the full depth of 1 for photosynthesis to 2occur.5m Photosynthetic algae release oxygen into the water and have a detention at the same time between 5 to 30 daysconsume carbon dioxide produced by the respiration ofbacteria. Because photosynthesis is driven by sunlight, the dissolved oxygen levels are highest during the day and drop off at night. Dissolved oxygen is also provided by natural wind mixing.
[[Pre-Treatment Technologies|Pre-Treatment]] (see PRE, p. 100) is essential to prevent scum formation and to hinder excess solids and garbage from entering the ponds. To prevent leachinginto the groundwater, the ponds should have a liner. The liner can be made from clay, asphalt, compacted earth, or another any other impervious material. To protect the pond from runoff and erosion, a protective berm should be constructed around the pond using the excavated material. A fence should be installed to ensure that people and animals stay out of the area and that garbage does not enter the ponds.
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{{procontable | pro=
- High reduction in pathogens. Resistant to organic and hydraulic shock loads <br> - Can be built High reduction of solids, BOD and repaired with locally available materials. pathogens <br> - Construction can provide short-term employment to local labourers. High nutrient removal if combined with aquaculture <br> - Low operating cost. costs <br> - No electrical energy is required. <br> - No real problems with flies insects or odours if designed and maintained correctly. | con=- Requires expert design and supervision. a large land area <br> - Variable High capital cost costs depending on the price of land. <br> - Requires large land area. expert design and construction <br> - Effluent/sludge require secondary Sludge requires proper removal and treatment and/or appropriate discharge.
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===AdequacyAppropriateness===WSPs are among the most common and efficient methods of wastewater treatment around the world. They are especially appropriate for rural and peri-urban communities that have large, unused land, ata distance from homes and public spaces. They are not appropriate for very dense or urban areas.
===Health Aspects/AcceptanceOperation & Maintenance=== Although effluent Scum that builds up on the pond surface should be regularly removed. Aquatic plants (macrophytes) that are present in the pond should also be removed as they may provide a breeding habitat for mosquitoes and prevent light from aerobic penetrating the water column. The anaerobic pond must be desludged approximately once every 2 to 5 years, when the accumulated solids reach one third of the pond volume. For facultative ponds sludge removal is generally low in pathogens, the even rarer and maturation ponds should in no way hardly ever need desludging. Sludge can be used for recreation or as removed by using a raft-mounted sludge pump, a direct source mechanical scraper at the bottom of water for consumption the pond or domestic useby draining and dewatering the pond and removing the sludge with a front-end loader.
===Upgrading===
Ideally, several aerobic ponds can be built in series to provide a high level of pathogen removal. A final aquaculture pond can be used to generate income and supply a locally grown food source.
===References===
* ArthurKayombo, JPS., Mbwette, T. S. A., Katima, J. H. Y., Ladegaard, N. and Jorgensen, S. E. (19832004). Notes on the Design and Operation of [https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/KAYOMBO%20et%20al%202004%20Waste%20Stabilization%20Ponds%20and%20Constructed%20Wetlands%20Design%20Manual_0.pdf Waste Stabilization Ponds in Warm Climates of Developing Countriesand Constructed Wetlands Design Manual]. The World Bank+ UNDPUNEP-IETC/Danida, Dar es Salaam, TZ/Copenhagen, WashingtonDK.
* CritesPeña Varón, RM. and TchobanoglousMara, GD. D. (19982004). Small and Decentralized Wastewater Management Systems[https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/VARON%202004%20%20Waste%20Stabilistion%20Ponds.pdf Waste Stabilisation Ponds]. Thematic Overview Paper. WCB IRC International Water and McGraw-HillSanitation Centre, New YorkDelft, USANL.
* MaraShilton, DDA. and Pearson, H(Ed. ) (19982005). Design Manual for Waste Stabilization Ponds in Mediterranean CountriesPond Treatment Technology. Lagoon Integrated Environmental Technology International Ltd.Series, IWA Publishing, LeedsLondon, EnglandUK.(Book)
* Maravon Sperling, DDM. (19972007). Design Manual for [https://www.iwapublishing.com/sites/default/files/ebooks/9781780402109.pdf Waste Stabilization Stabilisation Ponds in India. Lagoon Technology International LtdBiological Wastewater Treatment Series, Volume Three].IWA Publishing, LeedsLondon, EnglandUK.
* Sassevon Sperling, LM. and de Lemos Chernicharo, C. A. (19982005). DEWATS[https: Decentralised //www.iwapublishing.com/sites/default/files/ebooks/9781780402734.pdf Biological Wastewater Treatment in Developing CountriesWarm Climate Regions, Volume One]. BORDA, Bremen Overseas Research and Development AssociationIWA Publishing, BremenLondon, GermanyUK. (Detailed description and Excel ® Spreadsheet codes for designpp. 495-656.)
* von SperlinUlrich, MA. (Ed.), Reuter, S. (Ed.), Gutterer, B. (Ed.), Sasse, L., Panzerbieter, T. and de Lemos ChernicharoReckerzügel, CAT. (20052009). Biological [https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/resources/books/DEWATS_-_Chapter_01.pdf Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS) and Sanitation in Warm Climate RegionsDeveloping Countries. Volume OneA Practical Guide]. IWAWEDC, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, London. pp 495–656UK.(Detailed description and Excel spreadsheets for design calculations)
===Acknowledgements===
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}