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Tariffs are generally set by the water or sanitation service provider or by national (or local) governments through national or state policy. However, the public or private sector can also calculate tariffs for an individual project, sometimes at the community level (Fonseca and Cardone, 2003).
* '''Pay-as-you-fetch'''; require a caretaker to be present at the facility at all times (except when it is locked) to collect water tariffs from the community. Users pay a fixed amount per container which is filled by the caretaker.
===Examples===
Analysis by (GLAAS, 2012, page 26) indicates that household contributions in the form of tariffs account for a significant share of investment, accounting for 44% of funding in the water and sanitation sector (see table 1).
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Source: World Bank, 1997
====Uganda: Single-Tariff Pricing for water services====
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Source: World Bank, 1997
====Malaysia: Two Part Block Water Tariff====
'''Table 4. Malaysia – Two-Part Tariff in Malaysian Ringgets Ringets (US$1 = 3.8 R, rate 2003)'''
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Source: Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange announcement
====Chile: Social tariff====In Chile, poor families that cannot pay are eligible by law for a state-paid discount of 50% to 85% on their piped water supply and sewerage bill. The condition is that they have a ''social card'' from the Municipality. About 10% of the utility’s clients received the discount in 1994, which was valued at 2.5% of the total amount billed (Alfaro, 1997). ====Akvo RSR Projects====The following project(s) use tariffs to pay for water services.<br>'''Argentina''' <br> {|style="border: 2px solid #e0e0e0; width: 20%; text-align: justify; background-color: #e9f5fd;" cellpadding="2"|- style="vertical-align: top"|[[Image:akvorsr logo_lite.png|center|60px|link=http://akvo.org/products/rsr/]]|- style="vertical-align: bottom"|[[Image:project 196.png |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/196/ RSR Project 196]<br>Water for poor <br>areas: Villa Ocampo</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/196/ ]] |} <br> ===Guidelines tariff setting water and sanitation=== The Water Partnership Program (WPP) of the African Development Bank produced guidelines (2010) on user fees and cost recovery for both non-networked and networked water and sanitation services in rural and urban areas. These guidelines can be used to develop water and sanitation tariffs. * African Development Bank (AFDB), 2010. [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2010_11%20Guidelines%20for%20User%20Fees%20Cost%20Recovery_Urban.pdf Guidelines for User Fees and Cost Recovery for Urban, Networked Water and Sanitation Delivery]. * African Development Bank (AFDB), 2010. [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2011_03%20Guidelines%20for%20User%20Fees%20Cost%20Recovery_Rural.pdf Guidelines for User Fees and Cost Recovery for Rural, Non-Networked, Water and Sanitation Delivery]. ===Key documents===* African Development Bank (AFDB), 2010. [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2010_11%20Guidelines%20for%20User%20Fees%20Cost%20Recovery_Urban.pdf Guidelines for User Fees and Cost Recovery for Urban, Networked Water and Sanitation Delivery]. * African Development Bank (AFDB), 2010. [http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/2011_03%20Guidelines%20for%20User%20Fees%20Cost%20Recovery_Rural.pdf Guidelines for User Fees and Cost Recovery for Rural, Non-Networked, Water and Sanitation Delivery].
* Dinar, A. and Subramanian, A. , 1997. [http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1997/10/694020/water-pricing-experiences-international-perspective Water pricing experiences: an international perspective]. (World Bank technical paper; no. 386). Washington, DC, USA: World Bank
* Eales, K., 2005. [http://www.bpdws.org/web/d/doc_131.pdf?statsHandlerDone=1 Bringing pit emptying out of the darkness: A comparison of approaches in Durban, South Africa, and Kibera, Kenya]. (Sanitation Partnership Series) [online] London: BPD-Building Partnerships for Development (Published April 2005).
* Fonseca, C. and Cardone, R., 2003. [http://www.ircircwash.nlorg/pageresources/7582 financing-and-cost-recovery Financing and cost recovery]. (Thematic overview paper / IRC ; 7). The Hague, The Netherlands: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre
* Harvey, P.A., 2007. [http://media.greennexxus.com/wasrag/Articles_of_Interest/Performance_Measures/General/Cost_Determination.pdf Cost determination and sustainable financing for rural water services in sub-Saharan Africa]. In: Water policy, 9 (4), pp. 373-391
* Hervé-Bazin, C., 2012. [httphttps://celinehervebazinwww.filesecologic.wordpress.com/2012/03eu/eureau-3ts-short-guide-version-internet.pdf 4154 ''3Ts'': tariffs, taxes and transfers in the European water sector: short guide]. Brussels, Belgium: EUREAU
* Muller M., (2008). [http://eau.sagepub.com/content/20/1/67.full.pdf+html Free basic water — a sustainable instrument for a sustainable future in South Africa]. Graduate School of Public and Development Management, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, Environment and Urbanization 2008 20: 67.
* Norman, G., Fonseca, C. and Jacimovic, R., 2012. [http://www.ircircwash.nlorg/pageresources/69961 financing-water-and-sanitation-poor-six-key-solutions Financing water and sanitation for the poor: six key solutions]. (Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor : Discussion Paper; DP#003). The Hague, The Netherlands: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre and London, UK: Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP)
* OECD , 2009. [http://www.oecd.org/tad/sustainableagriculture/44476961.pdf Managing water for all: an OECD perspective on pricing and financing]. Paris, France: OECD.
* Pezon, C., Fonseca, C. and Butterworth, J., 2010. [http://www.ircircwash.nlorg/contentresources/download/152801/519929/file/02_Background_Paper_zw.pdf irc-symposium-2010-pumps-pipes-and-promises-background-paper-pumps-pipes-and-promises IRC Symposium 2010 Pumps, Pipes and Promises: background paper: pumps, pipes and promises: costs, finances and accountability for sustainable WASH services]. The Hague, The Netherlands: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. * Sijbesma, C., 2011. [http://www.ircircwash.nlorg/top25 resources/sanitation-financing-models-urban-poor Sanitation financing models for the urban poor]. (Thematic overview paper / IRC; 25). The Hague, The Netherlands: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre.
* WHO and UN-Water, 2012. [http://washurl.net/6jo133 UN-Water global annual assessment of sanitation and drinking-water (GLAAS) 2012 report: the challenge of extending and sustaining services]. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization (WHO)
* WaterAid, 2008. Community-Municipal Corporation-NGO partnership for city-wide pro-poor slums’ infrastructure improvement: Policy recommendations for community-managed toilets, bathing and washing complexes in urban slums. New Delhi: WaterAid.
* Winpenny, J., 2011. [http://www.gwptoolbox.org/images/stories/Docs/euwi%20fwg%20primer%20on%20financing%202011.pdf Financing for water and sanitation: a primer for practitioners and students in developing countries]. Stockholm, Sweden: The European Union Water Initiative Finance Working Group, EUWI-FWG.
===Links===* [http://www.ircwash.org/ IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre ] is a knowledge broker, innovator and catalyst of change within the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector working internationally and in selected focus countries and regions. IRC seeks to extend WASH services to the less privileged, while ensuring that services are based on the sustainable use of water resources, are appropriately managed, and are better governed. IRC works in partnership with governments, the public and private sector, Dutch and international organisations, UN institutions, development banks and non-governmental networks and organisations. For more information see www.irc.nl
<div id="GLAAS">'''GLAAS'''</div>