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sys1=[[Single Pit System|1]]|
sys2=[[Waterless System with Alternating Pits|2]]|
sys3=[[Pour Flush Pit System with Twin Pitswithout Sludge Production|3]]|
sys4=[[Waterless System with Urine Diversion|4]]|
sys5=[[Biogas System|5]]|sys6=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys6sys7=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys7sys8=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]| sys8sys9=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|
pic=Surface_disposal.png|
ApplHousehold=X|
ManShared=XX|
ManPublic=XX|
Input1=Treated Sludge |Input2=Faecal Sludge Pit Humus |Input3=FaecesCompost|Input4=Dry Cleansing Material|Input5=Dried Faeces|Input6=Pre-Treatment Products|Output1=- None |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
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|[[Image:Surface_disposal.png |right|500px]]
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[[Image:Icon_surface_disposal.png |right|95px80px]]'''Surface Disposal refers to the stockpiling of sludge, faeces, biosolids, or other materials that cannot be used elsewhere. Once the material has been taken to a Surface Disposal site, it is not used later. This technology is primarily used for biosolids, although it is applicable for any type of dry, unusable material.'''
When there is no demand for or acceptance of the beneficial use of sludge, it can be placed in monofills (sludge-only landfills) or heaped into permanent piles. Temporary storage contributes to further dehydration of the product and the die-off of pathogens before it is used.
===Design Considerations===
Landfilling sludge along with municipal solid waste (MSW) is not advisable since it reduces the life of a landfill, which has been specifically designed for the containment of more noxious materials. As opposed to more centralized MSW landfills, surface disposal sites can be situated close to where the sludge is treated, limiting the need for long transport distances.
The main difference between surface disposal and land application is the application rate. There is no limit to the quantity of sludge that can be applied to the surface since nutrient loads or agronomic rates are not a concern. Attention must be paid, however, to groundwater contamination and leaching. More advanced surface disposal systems may incorporate a liner and leachate collection system in order to prevent nutrients and contaminants from infiltrating the groundwater. Sites for the temporary storage of a product should be covered to avoid rewetting by rainwater and the generation of leachate.
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{{procontable | pro=
- May prevent unmitigated disposal <br>- Storage may render the product more hygienic <br>- Can make use of vacant or abandoned land. <br> - Low cost. Little operation skills or maintenance required <br> - May prevent unmitigated disposal. Low capital and operating costs| con=- NonRequires a large land area <br>- Potential leaching of nutrients and contaminants into groundwater <br>-Surface disposal hampers the beneficial use of a resource. <br> - Odours are normally may be noticeable (, depending on prior treatment). <br> - May require special spreading equipment. <br> - May require special spreading equipment. <br> - Micropollutants may accumulate in the soil and contaminate groundwater.
}}
===Appropriateness===
Since there are no benefits gained from surface disposal, it should not be considered as a primary option. However, where sludge use is not easily accepted, the contained and controlled stockpiling of solids is far preferable to uncontrolled dumping. Storage may, in some cases, be a good option to further dry and sanitize a material and to generate a safe, acceptable product. Storage may also be required to bridge the gap between supply and demand. Surface disposal and storage can be practiced in almost every climate and environment, although they may not be feasible where there is frequent flooding or where the groundwater table is high.
==Adequacy== Since there are no benefits gained from this type of disposal technology, it should not be considered as a primary option. However, where acceptance towards biosolid use does not exist, the contained and controlled stockpiling of biosolids is far preferable to uncontrolled dumping. Biosolids can be applied in almost every climate and environment, although they should not be stored where there is frequent flooding or where the groundwater table is high. ==Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Since the Surface Disposal If a surface disposal and storage site is protected (e.g., by a fence) and located far from and protected from the public, there should be no risk of contact or nuisance. The contamination of groundwater resources by leachate should be prevented by adequate siting and design. Care should be taken to protect the disposal or storage site from vermin and from pooling water, both of which could exacerbate smell and vector problems. ==Maintenance== Maintenance staff should ensure that only appropriate materials are disposed of at the site, and must maintain control over the traffic and hours of operation.
===Operation & Maintenance===
Staff should ensure that only appropriate materials are disposed of at the site and must maintain control over the traffic and
hours of operation. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing.
===Referencesand external links===*Strande, L., Ronteltap, M. and Brdjanovic, D. (Eds.) (2014). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3591 Faecal Sludge Management. Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation]. IWA Publishing, London, UK. (Detailed book compiling the current state of knowledge on all aspects related to FSM)
* Elizabeth Tilley etU.al S. EPA (20081999). [httphttps://www.eawagepa.chgov/organisationbiosolids/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems biosolids-generation-use-and-disposal-united-states Biosolids Generation, Use, and TechnologiesDisposal in the United States] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sespEPA-530/downloads_sesp/compendium_lowR-99-009.pdf low res version])U. Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://wwwS.sandecEnvironmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)C. (Provides a full overview of sanitation systems, US.)
* U.S. EPA (19991994). Biosolids Generation, Use, and Disposal in [https://www.epa.gov/biosolids/plain-english-guide-epa-part-503-biosolids-rule A Plain English Guide to the United States, EPAPart 503 Biosolids Rule]. EPA832-530/R-9993-009003. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: , Washington, D.C. Available: http://www.epa, US.gov