Akvopedia-spade, akvouser, bot, bureaucrat, emailconfirmed, smwadministrator, smwcurator, susana-working-group-susana-member, administrator, widget editor
697
edits
Changes
→References and external links
{|width="100%"
|style="width:50%;"|{{santable_new|
sys1=[[Single Pit System|1]]|
sys2=[[Waterless System with Alternating Pits|2]]|
sys3=[[Pour Flush Pit System with Twin Pitswithout Sludge Production|3]]|
sys4=[[Waterless System with Urine Diversion|4]]|
sys5=[[Biogas System|5]]|sys6=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys6sys7=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys7sys8=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]| sys8sys9=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|
pic=Surface_disposal.png|
ApplHousehold=X|
ManShared=XX|
ManPublic=XX|
Input1=Treated Sludge |Input2=Faecal Sludge Pit Humus |Input3=FaecesCompost|Input4=Dry Cleansing Material|Input5=Dried Faeces|Input6=Pre-Treatment Products|Output1=- None |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=|english_link=Surface_Disposal|french_link=Mise_en_décharge|spanish_link=Disposición_final_en_Superficie
}}
|[[Image:Surface_disposal.png |right|300px500px]]
|}
<br>
----
[[Image:Icon_surface_disposal.png |right|80px]]
<br>
{{procontable | pro=
- May prevent unmitigated disposal <br>- Storage may render the product more hygienic <br>- Can make use of vacant or abandoned land. <br> - Low cost. Little operation skills or maintenance required <br> - May prevent unmitigated disposal. Low capital and operating costs| con=- NonRequires a large land area <br>- Potential leaching of nutrients and contaminants into groundwater <br>-Surface disposal hampers the beneficial use of a resource. <br> - Odours are normally may be noticeable (, depending on prior treatment). <br> - May require special spreading equipment. <br> - May require special spreading equipment. <br> - Micropollutants may accumulate in the soil and contaminate groundwater.
}}
===AdequacyAppropriateness=== Since there are no benefits gained from this type of surface disposal technology, it should not be considered as a primary option. However, where acceptance towards biosolid sludge use does is not existeasily accepted, the contained and controlled stockpiling of biosolids solids is far preferable to uncontrolled dumping. Biosolids Storage may, in some cases, be a good option to further dry and sanitize a material and to generate a safe, acceptable product. Storage may also be required to bridge the gap between supply and demand. Surface disposal and storage can be applied practiced in almost every climate and environment, although they should may not be stored feasible where there is frequent flooding or where the groundwater table is high. ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Since the Surface Disposal site is located far from and protected from the public, there should be no risk of contact or nuisance. Care should be taken to protect the disposal site from vermin and from pooling water, both of which could exacerbate smell and vector problems.
===MaintenanceHealth Aspects/Acceptance===If a surface disposal and storage site is protected (e.g., by a fence) and located far from the public, there should be no risk of contact or nuisance. The contamination of groundwater resources by leachate should be prevented by adequate siting and design. Care should be taken to protect the disposal or storage site from vermin and pooling water, both of which could exacerbate smell and vector problems.
===Operation & Maintenance staff === Staff should ensure that only appropriate materials are disposed of at the site, and must maintain control over the traffic and hours of operation. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing.
===References and external links===
*Strande, L., Ronteltap, M. and Brdjanovic, D. (Eds.) (2014). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3591 Faecal Sludge Management. Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation]. IWA Publishing, London, UK. (Detailed book compiling the current state of knowledge on all aspects related to FSM)
* U.S. EPA (1999). [https://www.epa.gov/biosolids/biosolids-generation-use-and-disposal-united-states Biosolids Generation, Use, and Disposal in the United States, ]. EPA-530/R-99-009. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: , Washington, D.C. Available: http://www, US.epa.gov
* U.S. EPA (1994). [https://www.epa.gov/biosolids/plain-english-guide-epa-part-503-biosolids-rule A Plain English Guide to the EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule]. EPA832-R-93-003. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: , Washington, D.C. Available: http://www, US.epa.gov
===Acknowledgements===
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}