[[Image:{{Language-box|english_link=Sludging - Baptist drilling.jpgmethod | french_link= Coming soon | spanish_link= Coming soon | hindi_link= Coming soon | malayalam_link= Coming soon | tamil_link= Coming soon |thumbswahili_link=coming soon |Baptist drilling rig in operation. Note the drilling mud gushing out of the drill pipe.]]korean_link= Coming soon | chinese_link=浸会钻井法 | indonesian_link= Coming soon | japanese_link= Coming soon }}
[[Image:Icon_sludge.png|right|80px]][[Image:Baptist drilling.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Baptist drilling rig in operation. Note the drilling mud gushing out of the drill pipe.]][[Image:Baptist_drilling2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Baptist drilling rig in operation.<br> Click image to zoom in.]][[Image:Baptist_drilling_start.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Starting a Baptist drilling.<br> Click image to zoom in.]][[Image:Drill bits and valves.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Drill bits and valves]]
The Baptist method is a manual drilling method based on the [[Image:Baptist_drilling_startSludging - Asian sludge|Asian Sludge method]].jpg|thumb|Starting a The method was developed to be used by very poor villagers in developing countries, who quickly learn how to drill their wells themselves. The Baptist drillingrig can be built in any ordinary arc welding workshop and materials for a basic version costs about 150 US$ (2006 prices).]]
Baptist well drilling is a simple manual The method to drill water wells, meant to be applied was developed by very poor villagers in developing countriesTerry Waller, who quickly learn how to drill their wells themselves. The a North American Baptist drilling rig can be built missionary, in any ordinary arc welding workshop Africa and materials for a basic version costs about 150 US$ (2006 prices)Bolivia. In suitable conditionsIt applies some of the same principles used in mechanized commercial well drilling, boreholes over 100 m deep have been drilled with this methodbut does so using the simplest, most available and cheapest possible materials.
== History Rural people in developing countries often cannot afford to have specialists drill or dig wells for them. This method was developed to provide poor people with a way to help themselves with their water supply. Having built their own well and social context==pump, users become independent from external help for their water supply.
The method was developed by Terry Waller===Suitable conditions===Suitable for unconsolidated formations: Sand, silt and clay. If rotated (including a North American Baptist missionarydrill bit) it may be possible to penetrate softer-consolidated formations such as stiff clays, soft sandstone, in Africa and Boliviaweathered laterite. It applies some of the same principles used in mechanised commercial well drillingwill not, but does so using the simplesthowever, most available and cheapest possible materialspenetrate hard [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous igneous] rock or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder boulders] (e.g. in ancient river beds).
Rural people in developing countries often cannot afford to have specialists drill or dig In the unconsolidated formation types of Bolivia wells for them. This method was developed are drilled to provide poor people with a way to help themselves with their water supplydepths of 20 and 60 meters on average. Having built their own In the consolidated formations of Nicaragua, Ethiopia and Kenya well and pumpdepths range from 10 – 15 meters on average. In exceptional conditions, users become independent from external help for their water supplyboreholes up to 100 m deep have been drilled with this method.
== Suitable Conditions ==
A hybrid between sludging and percussion drilling, this method permits to drill through all kinds of loose [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial alluvial] soils, sands, silts and clays, as well as “soft” rocks, like light [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology) conglomerates], consolidated volcanic ashes, some calcareous rocks and weathered materials. It will not, however, penetrate hard [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous igneous] rock or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder boulders] (e.g. in ancient river beds).
{{procontable | proborder="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|-! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages|-| valign="top" | - Very simple and cheap equipment . <br> - Easy to handle and a temporary casing is normally not needed. It is possible to construct the drilling equipment locally.<br>- continuous movement (compared to [[Hand auger - general|augering]])<br>- small diameter borehole possible <br>- Does not clog quickly in clay soils- No need for mud pump and tower<br>- Long extensions of the drill stem are possible<br>- Caving resistant borehole<br>- Can Possible above and below the water table | valign="top" | - The borehole stays open by water pressure. To prevent collapsing, fluid-drilled boreholes must be mechanizedkept full of water during the entire drilling and well installation process.<br>- Possible above Coarse gravel and below other highly permeable materials (cracks in the formation) cause loss of working water table| and cannot be drilled. If very fine sands (quick sands) are encountered in the first three meter of the borehole, a temporary casing and swell clay are needed on the outside of this casing to prevent collapse.<br>con=- Suitable for unconsolidated rocks only (sand, silt, clay)<br>
- Boulders can prevent further drilling<br>
- PVC drill stem needs to be of high quality<br>
- In wells deeper than 20m, a lot of manpower is needed to pull the rope}|}
==Technical specification======Operation=Construction, operations and maintenance===[[Image:Baptist_drill_bit.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Baptist drill bit. The arrow-shaped point is mounted on a ball, which acts as a check valve. The mud, loaded with clippings, passes the check valve and is carried up during the downward motion of the drilling stem. Depending on the type of soil, different drill bit designs are used.]] [[Image:mechanized.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Mechanized version of Baptist drilling, powered by a 3HP diesel engine.]]
The Baptist drilling process work with pure impact action, there is no rotating movement. Because there is no torque on the drilling stem, a light drilling stem can be used, such as thick-walled PVC pipe. The light drilling stem permits pulling the tool up with a simple pulley fixed to any kind of tripod or crossbeam.
Like in [[sludging]], the drilling process is continuous: the drill bit is normally not removed from the borehole until it is finished. The broken-up material is pumped to the surface in the drilling liquid (mud), so there is no need for a separate mud pump. Instead of using a hand as a valve on top of the drill pipe, as is the case for sludging, the drill bit itself doubles as a foot-valve. The operator’s hand does not have to reach the end of the drill pipe, which means drill stem extensions can be several meters long.
Percussion action is performed by lifting the drill stem with a rope over a pulley, attached to a simple derrick, made with whatever available wood or bamboo poles.
The borehole diameter is kept as small as possible in order to remove a minimum of material and hence advance rapidly. Drill bits are based on 1¼” (32 mm) internal diameter galvanised iron plumbing accessories and the well is cased with cheap 1½” (39 mm) PVC pipe (SDR 41 – drainage quality). Such casing can accommodate up to a 1¼” (external diameter) PVC piston pump.
The main drill tool consists of a 3 m length of 1¼” (32 mm) iron or galvanized pipe with a bit/valve. For extensions of the drill stem, ordinary plumbing PVC pipes (SDR 26) with glued-on thread adapters have been used successfully in holes up to 30 m deep. Over 100 m depths have been reached using heavier PVC pipes (Schedule 40 or 80), and cutting thread directly into the pipe. The use of PVC drill stem keeps total weight of the rig low, even in deep holes. Therefore, no lever is needed to lift it and stroke-length can exceed a metre if so required. The PVC drill stem also significantly reduces the cost of the equipment. On the other hand, it excludes the use of rotary action.
No temporary casing is used. The borehole being kept full of mud and the “caking” of mud into any unstable sand layers, as a consequence of the percussion action and friction of the smooth lateral edges of the bit, is normally sufficient to stabilize it. Drilling mud is evacuated from the borehole after casing the well by pouring or injecting water into the casing (backwashing).This technique adapts best to sand, loam and light rock. The standard drill bits also work through sticky and even consolidated clays. Nevertheless, best results in varying conditions are obtained with an array of different bits:* Moveable point bits for general purpose and clay-holding soils: the moving stem of the heavy dart helps to keep the footvalve clean.* Fixed point bits for sandy and rocky layers, where there is no risk for sticky material to obstruct the footvalve.* Open-ended (hollow) bits without a footvalve (pure sludging) for layers of pure clay or gravel. In these conditions the presence of a footvalve may slow down progress, since clay has to be pounded into suspension and stones have to be ground to small pieces in order to enter the drilling tool through the footvalve.
==== Reaming ====* Moveable point bits for general purpose and clay-holding soils: the moving stem of the heavy dart helps to keep the footvalve clean. * Fixed point bits for sandy and rocky layers, where there is no risk for sticky material to obstruct the footvalve. * Open-ended (hollow) bits without a footvalve (pure sludging) for layers of pure clay or gravel. In these conditions the presence of a footvalve may slow down progress, since clay has to be pounded into suspension and stones have to be ground to small pieces in order to enter the drilling tool through the footvalve.
====Reaming====
If required, the upper part of the well can be reamed and cased with larger diameter pipe (3 or 5 inches), to accommodate larger pumps. A shallow (large diameter) [[rope pump]], for example, may require a wider well (although small-diameter rope pumps can fit in a 2" borehole), and submersible pumps commonly need at least 4".
Note that there is no need to enlarge the entire depth of the borehole: reaming until slightly below the lowest expected water table (the pump's water intake) is sufficient.
===Costs=Maintenance==A Baptist drilling rig, fit to drill holes up to 30 m deep, can be built in Nicaragua for about US$ 150. This includes all essential non-common tools to operate it. Its core element, the drill bits, can be made in about any arc-welding workshop, using only scrap steel and materials that can be found in virtually any hardware store. Once the well is drilled, it is cased with cheap PVC tube. Fitting it with a slab of concrete as a sanitary seal and a simple PVC piston pump (also built by the users themselves) will cost about 2.5 dollars per meter well depth. ===Field experiences===Baptist well drilling is used in Bolivia, Nicaragua, Kenya, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Cameroon, Zambia and Sri Lanka.
====Manufacturing=Manuals, videos and links===* [http://www.arrakis.nl/view-more/baptist-well-drilling-technology Baptist drilling], by [http://www.arrakis.nl/ Arrakis]
* [http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p==Cost==A 370A3B99269BC4FE Set of 9 movies on Baptist well drilling rig, fit to drill holes up to 30 m deep, can be built in Nicaragua for about US$ 150. This includes all essential non-common tools to operate it. Its core element, the drill bits, can be made in about any arc-welding workshop], using only scrap steel and materials that can be found in virtually any hardware storecompiled by Paul Cloesen.
Once the well is drilled, it is cased with cheap PVC tube. Fitting it with a slab of concrete as a sanitary seal and a simple PVC piston pump (also built by the users themselves) will {{#ev:youtube|KJSkDXu4LE8|200|auto|<font size="2"><center>Low cost about 2.5 dollars per meter Baptist well depth.drilling</center></font>}}
==Country experiences==* [http://www.waterforallinternational.org/Documents/WFA%20Bolivian%20Baptist%20Drilling%20System.pps Powerpoint presentation on Baptist well drilling is used in the following countries:Colombia, Nicaragua, Bolivia, ZambiaDrilling] by Terry Waller.
==Manuals==* [http://geocitieswww.com/paulcloesen/DocBautista/BaptistWellDrillingManual.pdf Baptist well drilling on Bolivia], manual produced by Terry Waller.* [http://geocitieswaterforallinternational.com/paulcloesenorg/DocBautistaPages/BaptistWellDrillingManual-Africa_shortmedia.pdf Baptist drilling in Africaaspx Photos from the Field], manual produced by Jan de Jongh, ArrakisWater for All.
==Movies==*[http://geocitieswww.comwaterforallinternational.org/paulcloesenPages/VideoBautistadrillingoverview.aspx Water for All -EN.htm Complete set Website of movies Terry Waller on Baptist well drilling], compiled by Paul Cloesen. The same movies can be found [http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=370A3B99269BC4FE here on YouTube].
*Rural Water Supply Network, [http://geocitieswww.comrural-water-supply.net/en/paulcloesenimplementation/DocBautistamanual-drilling/BolivianBaptistDrilling.pps Powerpoint presentation 167-baptist-drilling article on Baptist Drillingdrilling]. General [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/manual-drilling manual drilling section of RWSN website] by Terry Waller.
==External links==*[http://geocitiesTechnical note 43.com/paulcloesen/DocBautistaSimple drilling methods, Bob Elson and Rod Shaw, WEDC -EN.htm Collection An overview of documents on Baptist well simple drilling], by Paul Cloesen.* Baptist rural water supply technology: methods [http://www.geocities.com/h2oclubs/ wwwlboro.geocitiesac.comuk/h2oclubswell/] and [http:resources/technical-briefs/www43-simple-drilling-methods.waterforallinternationalpdf Download].org/ www.waterforallinternational.org]*Website of [http://www.arrakislboro.ac.nluk/view_more.php?page=baptist_well_drilling_technology Baptist well drilling in Africa, Arrakis]*[http:/resources/www.arrakis.nltechnical-briefs/files/Oxfam_DAPP%20drilling%20trial%20reportLoughborough University Technical Briefs section].pdf OXFAM trial study on the use Website of the Baptist drilling method in Zambia, DAPP].*[http://www.geocitieslboro.comac.uk/leonvidawell/Leonvida/Goyena.htm Baptist technology in NicaraguaLoughborough University WELLS]*[http://www.emas-international.de EMAS rural water supply solutions] *[http://www.lifewater.ca/ Lifewater Canada - Simple hand-pump and well drilling technology]
*[http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perforaci%C3%B3n_Bautista_de_Pozos Spanish Baptist well drilling article on Wikipedia].
*[[Solution_of_the_week_4|Akvo solution of the week 4]] ==References= Acknowledgements===This article has been adapted * The basis for the material on this page was obtained from a desk study shortly to be published on the website of the [http://www.practicafoundation.nl/ Practica Foundation], and fromthe [http: //www.rwsn.ch/ Rural Water Supply Network], and specifically its [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/653 Manual Drilling Compendium 2015].* The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_well_drilling Wikipedia article on Baptist Drilling], orginally originally written by Paul Cloesen.* [http://geocitieswww.comlboro.ac.uk/well/paulcloesenresources/DocBautistatechnical-briefs/BolivianBaptistDrilling43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf 43.pps A presentation on Baptist well Simple drillingmethods.]WEDC.