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{|width="100%"
|style="width:50%;"|{{santable_new|
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pic=Single_ventilated_improved_pit.png|
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Input1=Excreta|Input2=Blackwater |Input3=Faeces |Input3Input4=Anal cleansing water| Input4= |Input5=Dry Cleansing Materials|Output1=Faecal sludgeSludge| Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=|english_link=Single_Ventilated_Improved_Pit|french_link=Latrine_VIP_à_fosse_unique|spanish_link=Pozo_Simple_Mejorado_Ventilado
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|[[Image:Single_ventilated_improved_pit.png |right|300px500px]]
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[[Image:Icon_single_ventilated_improved_pit.png |right|80px]]
'''The Single VIP is a Ventilatedventilated, Improved Pitimproved pit. It is an improvement over the [[Single Pit | Single Pit ]] (S.2) because continuous airflow through the ventilation pipe vents odours and acts as a trap for flies as they escape towards the light.'''
Despite their simplicity, well-designed Single single VIPs can be completely smell free, and be more pleasant to use than some other water-based technologies. Flies that hatch in the pit are attracted to the light at the top of the ventilation pipe. When they fly towards the light and try to escape, they are trapped by the flyscreen and die. The ventilation also allows odours to escape and minimizes the attraction for flies.
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{{procontable | pro=- Flies and odours are significantly reduced (compared to non-ventilated pits). <br> - Does not require a constant source of water. <br> - Suitable for all types of user (sitters, squatters, washers and wipers). <br> - Can be built and repaired with locally available materials <br> - Can be used immediately after construction. <br> - Low (but variable) capital costs depending on materialsand pit depth. <br> - Small land area required. <br> | con= - Sludge requires secondary treatment Low reduction in BOD and/or appropriate dischargepathogens with possible contamination of groundwater. <br> - Costs to empty may be significant compared to capital costs. <br> - Low reduction in BOD Sludge requires secondary treatment and pathogens/or appropriate discharge.
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===AdequacyAppropriateness===Treatment processes in the single VIP (aerobic, anaerobic, dehydration, composting, or otherwise) are limited, and, therefore, pathogen reduction and organic degradation is not significant. However, since the excreta are contained, pathogen transmission to the user is limited. This technology is a significant improvement over Single Pits or open defecation.
===Health Aspects/Acceptance===
A Single VIP can be a very clean, comfortable, and well accepted sanitation option. However some health concerns exist:
* Latrine leachate can contaminate groundwater;
===Upgrading===
A Single VIP toilet can be upgraded to a [[Double Ventilated Improved Pit|Double VIP]], a [[Urine Diverting Dry Toilet|Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT)]] if there is a use for urine, or a water-based [[Pour Flush Toilet|Pour Flush Toilet]] if water is available. A Double VIP has the addition of an extra pit so that while one pit is in use, the contents of the full pit are draining, maturing and undergoing degradation. Pathogens are destroyed much more thoroughly in a Double VIP and therefore, the contents are less hazardous to remove from the pit, although because the contents are so solid, the contents cannot be pumped, but rather, must be manually emptied.
===Operation & Maintenance===
To keep the Single VIP free of flies and odours, regular cleaning and maintenance is required. Dead flies, spider webs, dust and other debris should be removed from the ventilation screen to ensure a good flow of air.
===Field experiences===
{{RSR_table|style1image="width: 70%; text-align: justify; background-color: #f5f5f5;" |[[Image:rsr 476.jpg|thumb|none|200px|<font size="2"><center>Project 476</center></font>|link1link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/476/]]|'''Akvo RSR Project:''' [http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1project#=476/ |1project name=Ensure access to safe water and sanitation]Salinity, arsenic, lack of proper IWRM, and incidence of natural disasters in the three districts of the Southwest coastal belt of Bangladesh cause a lot of socioeconomic and health related problems. The programme is right-based and strengthens knowledge and capacity of community WASH groups as well as local government institutions. As problems are multifaceted, the programme uses a multi-pronged strategy and facilitates partnership with existing institutional stakeholders relevant for WASH sector.|} <br>{|style2image="width: 70%; text-align: justify; background-color: #f5f5f5;" |[[Image:rsr 474.jpg|thumb|none|200px|<font size="2"><center>Project 474</center></font>|link2link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/474/]]|2project#=474 |2project name=Health & Sanitation project||'''Akvo RSR Project:''' [3image= rsr 360.jpg|3link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/474360/ Health & Sanitation project]SLOPB aims to improve the health of women and children in the Barisal Division. The project area is among the poorest in Bangladesh, access to health facilities and sanitation is very low. The government is not very eager to improve its performance in the project area. This programme has an integrated approach: |3project#= 360|3project name= WASH Facilities at the preventive side, attention will be paid both to WASH (both hardware as well as software) and to health (awareness raising, education, referral systems).Kajiado Schools|} {|style4image="width: 70%; text-align: justify; background-color: #f5f5f5;" |[[Image:rsr 360727.jpg|thumb|none|200px|<font size="2"><center>Project 360</center></font>|link4link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/360727/]]|4project#= 727|4project name=ESO North School and Community WASH Project ||'''Akvo RSR Project:''' [5image= rsr 467.jpg|5link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/360467/WASH Facilities at Kajiado Schools]The Maasai communities generally do not prioritize hand washing or digging pit latrines. Natural water sources are unprotected |5project#=467 |5project name=Community Water and shared with animals, posing serious health risks. Many schools in the area do not have safe and adequate water and sanitation facilities. NOSIM aims to increase water availability for school children, to reduce incidences/impact of WASH-related disease through construction of rainwater harvesting and sanitation facilities, plus awareness raising through WASH Clubs.Sanitation Project ||}}
===References ===
* Mara, D. D. (1984). [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/world_bank_the_design_of_ventilated_lmproved_pit_latrines_1984.pdf The Design of Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines]. UNDP Interregional Project INT/81/047, The World Bank and UNDP, Washington, D.C., US.
* Mara, DDD. D. (1996). Low-Cost Urban Sanitation. Wiley, Chichester, UK. (Provides Book; provides detailed design information.) * Mara DD. (1984). The Design of Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines (UNDP Interreg. Project INT/81/047). The World Bank + UNDP, Washington. * Morgan, PR. (1977). The Pit Latrine – Revived. Central African Journal of Medicine, 23(1). * Morgan, PR. (1979). A Ventilated Pit Privy. Appropriate Technology, 6 (3). * Morgan PR. and Mara, DD. (1982). Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines: Recent Developments in Zimbabwe. World Bank Technical Paper no.3. Available: http://www.worldbank.org
* Morgan PR, P. R. (19902009). Rural Water Supplies [http://www.ecosanres.org/pdf_files/EcologicalToilets-PeterMorgan-Mar2009.pdf Ecological Toilets. Start Simple and SanitationUpgrade from Arborloo to VIP]. Blair Research Laboratory & Ministry of Health + MacMillanStockholm Environment Institute, HarareStockholm, ZimbabweSE.
* FranceysMorgan, R., Pickford, JP. and Reed, R. (19922011). A guide to the development of on-site sanitation[http://www.ecosanres. WHOorg/pdf_files/Builders_Detailed_Manual_Upgradeable_%20Blair_VIP.pdf The Blair VIP toilet]. Manual for Upgradeable BVIP Model with Spiral Superstructure and Tubular Vent. Stockholm Environment Institute, GenevaStockholm, SE.(Provides detailed design and construction information)
* LewisRyan, JWB.A. and Mara, et alD. D. (19821983). [http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/412331468199470290/pdf/TAG6000Ventila0pe0design0guidelines.pdf Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines: Vent Pipe Design Guidelines]. UNDP Interregional Project INT/81/047, The Risk of Groundwater Pollution by on-site Sanitation in Developing Countries. International Reference Centre for Waste DisposalWorld Bank and UNDP, DübendorfWashington, SwitzerlandD. (A detailed study regarding the transport and die-off of microorganisms and implications for locating technologiesC., US.)
===Acknowledgements===
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}