This is a water-based sewer system that requires a [[Urine -Diverting Flush Toilet]] (UDFT, U.6)and a sewer. The UDFT is a special User Interface that allows for the separation and separate collection of Urine without water, but that also although it uses water to flush Faeces. Inputs to the system can include Faeces, Urine, Flushwater, Anal Cleansing Water, Dry Cleansing Materials, Greywater and possibly Stormwater.
The inputs to main User Interface technology for this system is the system UDFT (U.6). A Urinal (U.3) can include, Faeces, be an additional installation for the effective collection of Urine, Flushwater, Anal Cleansing Water, Dry Cleansing Material, Stormwater, . Brownwater and Greywater. There Urine are two separated at the User Interface Technologies that can be used for this system, . Brownwater bypasses a [[Urine Diverting Flush Toilet|UDFT]] Collection and Storage/Treatment technology and is conveyed directly to a (Semi-) Centralized Treatment facility using a Simplified (C.4) or a [[Urinal]]Conventional Gravity Sewer network (C.6). The Urinal however, should be used Greywater is also transported in conjunction with the UDFT, as an alternative for men who do sewer and is not wish to sit on the pedestalseparately treated.
Both Brownwater and Urine are separated at Stormwater could also be put into the User Interface. Brownwater bypasses a Collection and Sto - rage/Treatment facility and is conveyed directly to a (Semi-) Centralized Treatment facility using a [[Simplified Sewers|Simplified Sewer network]] or a [[Conventional Gravity Sewer|Gravity Sewer network]]. Greywater is also transported in , although this would dilute the sewer wastewater and is not treated separatelyrequire Stormwater overflows. In some circumstancesTherefore, localretention and infiltration of Stormwater can be connected to or a Gravity Sewer network, although Stormwater overflows separate drainage system for rainwater are requiredthe recommended approaches.
Urine separated diverted at the User Interface is directly linked to collected in a [[Urine Storage Tank|Storage Tank]](S.1). The Stored Urine can be handled easily and with little risk because it is transferred for Use and/or Disposal using nearly sterile. With its high nutrient content it can be used as a [[Jerrycan - tank]] or [[Motorized Emptying and Transport|Motorized E&T]] good liquid fertilizer. Stored Urine can be transported for [[Application of Urine|Urine Application to agricultural lands]]in agriculture (D. Brownwater is treated at a (Semi-2) Centralized Treatment facility either using one of the Technologies T1 to T10. The Faecal Sludge generated from the treatment of the Technologies T1 to T10 must be further treated in Jerrycans or a dedicated Faecal Sludge treatment facility Tank (Technologies T11 to T15C.1) prior to using the [[Land Application of Sludge|Land Application]] , or [[Surface Disposal]] Use a Motorized Emptying and/or Disposal technologiesTransport technology (C. Technologies for the Use and/or Disposal of the treated Effluent collected from one of 3) – the Technologies T1 to T10 include [[Irrigation]], [[Aquaculture Ponds|Aqua culture]], [[Floating Plant (Macrophyte) Pond|Macrophyte Pond]] or Discharge to a same way that bulk water body or [[Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge|Recharge Sludge is transported to Groundwater]]fields.
==Considerations==Brownwater is treated at a (Semi-) Centralized Treatment facility using a combination of the technologies T.1-T.12. The Sludge generated from these technologies must be further treated in a dedicated Sludge treatment facility (technologies T.13-T.17) prior to Use and/or Disposal. Options for the Use and/or Disposal of the treated Effluent include Irrigation (D.6), Fish Ponds (D.9), Floating Plant Ponds (D.10) or discharge to a water body (Water Disposal/Groundwater Recharge, D.11). After adequate treatment, Sludge can either be used in agriculture (D.5) or brought to a Storage/Disposal site (D.12).
UDFTs are not common and the capital cost for this system can be high. This is partly due to the fact that there is limited competition in the market and also because high quality plumbing is required for the dual plumbing system. The Gravity Sewers require extensive excavation and installation can be expensive, whereas Simplified Sewers are generally less expensive if the site conditions permit a condominial design. ===Considerations=== This system is only appropriate when there is a need for the separated Urine and/or when there is a desire to limit water consumption by collecting Urine without flushing water. The using a low-flush UDFT (although the system still re quires requires a constant source of water ). There may also be benefits to the treatment plant if it is normally overloaded; the reduced nutrient load (by removing the Urine) could optimize treatment. However, if the plant is currently underloaded (i.e., it has been over-designed),then this system could further aggravate the problem. Depending on the type of sewers used, this system can be adapted for both dense urban and uses significantly more than a waterless systemperi-urban areas. It is not well-suited to rural areas with low housing densities. Since the sewer network is (ideally) watertight, it is also applicable for areas with high groundwater tables.
Depending on Dry Cleansing Materials can be handled by the type of sewers used, this system or they can be adapted for both dense urban collected and peri-urban areas. It is not well-suited to rural areas. There must be a constant supply separately disposed of water to ensure that the sewers do not become blocked(e. This system is appropriate where there is a need and a desire to collect, transport and use the Urineg. There may also be benefits to the treatment plant if it is normally overloaded; the reduced nutrient load (by removing the Urine) could optimize treatment. However, if the plant is currentlySurface Disposal, underloaded (i.eD. the plant has been overdesigned12) then this system could further aggravate the problem.
UDFTs are not common and the capital cost for this system can be very high. This is partly due to the fact that there is limited competition in the User Interface market and also because high quality workmanship is required for the dual plumbing system. Conventional Gravity Sewers require extensive excavation and installation which is expensive, whereas Simplified Sewers are generally less expensive if the site conditions permit a condominial design. Users may be required to pay user fees for the system and its maintenance. Depending on the sewer type and management structure (simplified Simplified vs gravity. Conventional, city-run vs . community - operated, Urine transport and Application) there will be varying degrees of operation or maintenance responsibilities for the homeowner.
This system is most appropriate when there is a high willingness and ability to pay for the capital investment and maintenance costs and where there is a pre-existing treatment facility that has the capacity to accept additional flow.
==References==Guidelines for the safe use of Urine, Effluent and Sludge have been published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and are referenced on the relevant technology information sheets.
* Elizabeth Tilley et.al (2008). [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systems.)<br>