===Products===
Products are materials that are also called ‘wastes’ or ‘resources’. Some products are generated directly by humans (e.g., Urine and Faeces), others are required in the functioning of technologies (e.g., Flushwater to move Excreta through sewers) and some are generated as a function of storage or treatment (e.g., Sludge).
Products are materials For the design of a robust sanitation system, it is necessary to define all of the products that are also called ‘wastes’ or ‘resources’. Some Products are generated directly by humans flowing into (e.g. urine inputs) and faecesout of (outputs), others are required each of the sanitation technologies in the functioning of Technologies (e.gsystem. flush water to move excreta through sewers) and some The products referenced within this text are generated as a function or storage or treatment (e.g. faecal sludge)described below.
For the design of a robust sanitation system, it ====Anal Cleansing Water===={| align="left"|style="width:20px; background:#dbd096;"| |style="background:#ffffff;"| |}Anal cleansing water is necessary water used to define all of the Products that are flowing into (Inputs) cleanse oneself after defecating and out (Outputs) of each /or urinating; it is generated by those who use water, rather than dry material, for anal cleansing. The volume of the sanitation Technologies in the systemwater used per cleaning typically ranges from 0. The Products referenced within this text are described below5 L to 3 L.
====UrineBiomass====
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Urine is Biomass refers to plants or animals cultivated using the liquid waste produced by the body to rid itself of urea water and other waste Products/or nutrients flowing through a sanitation system. In this contextThe term Biomass may include fish, insects, vegetables, the urine Product refers to pure urine fruit, forage or other beneficial crops that is not mixed with faeces or water. Depending on dietcan be utilized for food, human urine collected during one year (ca. 500 L) contains 2–4 kg nitrogen. With the exception of some rare casesfeed, urine is sterile when it leaves the bodyfibre and fuel production.
====FaecesBiogas====
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Faeces refers Biogas is the common name for the mixture of gases released from anaerobic digestion. Biogas is comprised of methane (50 to 75%), carbon dioxide (semi-solid25 to 50%) excrement without urine or water. Each person produces approximately 50 L per year and varying quantities of faecal matter. Of the total nutrients excretednitrogen, faeces contain about 10% Nhydrogen sulphide, 30% P, 12% K water vapour and other components. Biogas can be collected and have 107–109 faecal coliforms /100 mLburned for fuel (like propane).
====Anal Cleansing WaterBlackwater====
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Blackwater is the mixture of Urine, Faeces and Flushwater along with Anal cleansing Cleansing Water (if water is water collected after it has been used to cleanse oneself after defecating for cleansing) and/or urinatingDry Cleansing Materials (see Figure 1). It is only Blackwater contains the water generated by pathogens of Faeces and the user for anal cleansing and does not include dry materials. The volume nutrients of water collected during anal cleansing ranges from 0.5 L to 3 L per cleaningUrine that are diluted in the Flushwater.
====Dry Cleansing MaterialsBrownwater====
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Solid materials used to cleanse oneself after defecating Brownwater is the mixture of Faeces and Flushwater, and/or urinating does not contain Urine. It is generated by Urine-Diverting Flush Toilets (e.gU.6) and, papertherefore, leaves, corncobs, rags or stones). Dependingthe volume depends on the system, Dry Cleansing Materials may be collected and separately disposed volume ofthe Flushwater used. Although extremely important, a separate product name for menstrual hygiene products like sanitary napkins The pathogen and tampons nutrient load of Faeces is not included in this Compendiumreduced, only diluted by the Flushwater. In general Brownwater may also include Anal Cleansing Water (if water is used for cleansing) and/or Dry Cleansing Materials (though not alwayssee Figure 1), they should be treated along with the solid waste generated in the household.
====StormwaterCompost====
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Stormwater Compost is decomposed organic matter that results from a controlled aerobic degradation process. In this biological process, microorganisms (mainly bacteria and fungi) decompose the general term for biodegradable waste components and produce an earth-like, odourless, brown/ black material. Compost has excellent soil-conditioning properties and a variable nutrient content. Because of leaching and volatilization, some of the rainfall runoff collected from roofsnutrients may be lost, roads but the material is still rich in nutrients and other surfaces before flowing towards low-lying landorganic matter. Generally, Excreta or Sludge should be composted long enough (2 to 4 months) under thermophilicconditions (55 to 60 °C) in order to be sanitized sufficiently for safe agricultural use. It This temperature is the portion of rainfall that does not infiltrate into the soilguaranteed in most Composting Chambers (S.8), but considerable pathogen reduction can normally be achieved.
====GreywaterDried Faeces====
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Greywater is Dried Faeces are Faeces that have been dehydrated until they become a dry, crumbly material. Dehydration takes place by storing Faeces in a dry environment with good ventilation, high temperatures and/or the total volume presence of water generated from washing food, clothes and dishware as well as from bathingabsorbent material. It may contain traces of excreta Very little degradation occurs during dehydration and therefore will also contain pathogens and excretathis means that the Dried Faeces are still rich in organic matter. Greywater accounts for approximately 60However, Faeces reduce by around 75% of the wastewater produced in households with flush toiletsvolume during dehydration and most pathogens die off. It contains few pathogens and its flow of nitrogen There is only 10–20% of a small risk that some pathogenic organisms can be reactivated under the right conditions, particularly, in blackwaterhumid environments.
====FlushwaterDry Cleansing Materials====
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Flushwater is the water that is Dry Cleansing Materials are solid materials used to transport excreta from the User Interface to the next technologycleanse oneself after defecating and/or urinating (e.g. Freshwater, rainwaterpaper, recycled greywaterleaves, corncobs, rags or any combination of stones). Depending on the three can system, Dry Cleansing Materials may be used as collected and separately disposed of. Although extremely important, a Flushwater sourceseparate product name for menstrual hygiene products like sanitary napkins and tampons is not included in this Compendium. In general (though not always), they should be treated along with the solid waste generated in the household.
====OrganicsEffluent====
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Organics refers here to biodegradable organic material Effluent is the general term for a liquid that could also be called biomass leaves a technology, typically after Blackwater or Sludge has undergone solids separation or green organic waste. Although the some other Products in this Compendium contain organics, this term refers to undigested plant materialtype of treatment. Organics must be added to some technologies in order for them to function properly Effluent originates at either a Collection and Storage or a (e.g. composting chambersSemi-)Centralized Treatment technology. Organic degradable material Depending on the type of treatment, the Effluent may be completely sanitized or may require further treatment before it can include but is not limited to leaves, grass and market wastebe used or disposed of.
====BlackwaterExcreta====
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Blackwater is the mixture Excreta consists of urine, faeces Urine and flushwater along Faeces that is not mixed with anal cleansing water (if anal cleansing any Flushwater. Excreta is practiced) small in volume, but concentrated in both nutrients and/or dry cleansing material (epathogens.g. toilet paper). Blackwater has all of Depending on the pathogens of faeces and all quality of the nutrients of urineFaeces, but diluted in flushwaterit has a soft or runny consistency.
====Faecal SludgeFaeces====
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Faecal Sludge is the general term for the raw Faeces refers to (or partially digestedsemi-solid) slurry or solid excrement that results from the storage of blackwater is not mixed with Urine or excretawater. The composition Depending on diet, each person produces approximately 50 L per year of faecal sludge varies significantly depending on the location, the matter. Fresh faeces contain about 80% water content, and . Of the storage. For exampletotal nutrients excreted, ammonium (NH4-Faeces contain about 12% N) can range from 300–3000 mg/L while Helminth eggs can reach up to 60,000 eggs/L. The composition will determine the type of treatment that is possible 39% P, 26% K and the end-use possibilitieshave 107 to 109 faecal coliforms in 100 mL.
====Treated SludgeFlushwater====
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Treated Sludge Flushwater is the general term for partially digested water discharged into the User Interface to transport the content and/or fully stabilized faecal sludgeclean it. The US Environmental Protection Agency has strict criteria to differentiate between degrees of treatment and consequentlyFreshwater, rainwater, recycled Greywater, how those different types or any combination of sludges the three can be used. ‘Treated Sludge’ is used in the System Templates and in the Technology Information Sheets as a general term to indicate that the sludge has undergone some level of treatment, although it should not be assumed that ‘treated sludge’ is fully treated or that it is automatically safe. It is meant to indicate that the sludge has undergone some degree of treatment and is no longer raw. It is the responsibility of the user to inquire about the composition, quality and therefore safety of the local sludgeFlushwater source.
====ExcretaGreywater====
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Excreta consists Greywater is the total volume of urine water generated from washing food, clothes and faeces that is dishware, as well as from bathing, but not mixed with any flushing waterfrom toilets. It may contain traces of Excreta is small in volume(e.g., but concentrated in nutrients from washing diapers) and , therefore, also pathogens. Depending on the quality Greywater accounts for approximately 65% of the faeces it is solid, soft or runnywastewater produced in households with flush toilets.
====BrownwaterOrganics====
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Brownwater consists of faeces and flushwater Organics refers to biodegradable plant material (although organic waste) that must be added to some technologies in actual practice there is always some urineorder for them to function properly (e.g., Composting Chambers, as only 70–85% of the urine is divertedS.8). Brownwater Organic degradable material can include, but is generated by urine-diverting flush toilets not limited to, leaves, grass and therefore, the volume depends on the volume of the flushwater usedmarket waste. The pathogen and nutrient load of faeces is not reducedAlthough other products in this Compendium contain organic matter, only diluted by the flushwaterterm Organics refers to undigested plant material.
====Dried faecesPit Humus====
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Dried faeces are faeces Pit Humus is the term used to describe the nutrient- rich, hygienically improved, humic material that have been dehydrated at high temperatures is generated in double pit technologies (S.4-S.6) through dewatering and high pH) until they become degradation. This earth-like product is also referred to as EcoHumus, a dryterm conceived by Peter Morgan in Zimbabwe. The various natural decomposition processes taking place in alternating pits can be both aerobic and anaerobic in nature, sanitized powderdepending on the technology and operating conditions. Very little degradation occurs during dehydration The main difference between Pit Humus and this means Compost is that the dried faeces degradation processes are still rich in passive and are not subjected to a controlled oxygen supply, C:N ratio, humidity and temperature. Therefore, the rate of pathogen reduction is generally slower and the quality of the product, including its nutrient and organic material. Faeces will reduce in volume by around 75%matter content, can vary considerably. There is a small risk that some organisms Pit Humus can look very similar to Compost and have good soil conditioning properties, although pathogens may still be reactivated in the right environmentspresent.
====Stored urinePre-Treatment Products====
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Stored urine is urine that has been hydrolyzed naturally over timePre-Treatment Products are materials separated from Blackwater, Brownwater, Greywater or Sludge in preliminary treatment units, such as screens, grease traps or grit chambers (see PRE, ip. 100).Substances like fats, oil, grease, and various solids (e. the urea has been converted by enzymes into carbon dioxide g. sand, fibres and trash), can impair transport and/or treatment efficiency through clogging and ammoniawear. Stored urine has a pH Therefore, early removal of approximately 9. After 6 months of storage, these substances is crucial for the risk durability of pathogen transmission is reduced considerablya sanitation system.
====EffluentSludge====
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Effluent Sludge is the general term for liquid that has undergone some level a mixture of treatment solids and liquids, containing mostly Excreta and water, in combination with sand, grit, metals, trash and/or separation various chemical compounds. A distinction can be made between faecal Sludge and wastewater Sludge. Faecal Sludge comes from solidsonsite sanitation technologies, i.e., it has not been transported through a sewer. It originates at either can be raw or partially digested, a slurry or semisolid, and results from the Collection and Storage/Treatment of Excreta or Blackwater, with or without Greywater. For a more detailed characterization of faecal Sludge refer to Strande et al., 2014 (see Sector Development Tools, p. 9). Wastewater Sludge (also referred to as sewage Sludge) is Sludge that originatesfrom sewer-based wastewater collection and (Semi-) Centralized Treatment Technologyprocesses. Depending on The Sludge composition will determine the type of treatment, that is required and the effluent may be completely sanitized or may require further treatment before it can be used or disposed ofend-use possibilities.
====Compost - EcoHumusStored Urine====
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Compost/EcoHumus Stored Urine is the earth-likeUrine that has been hydrolysed naturally over time, i.e., brown/black material that is the result of decomposed organic matter. Generally Compost/EcoHumus urea has been hygienized sufficiently that it can be used safely in agricultureconverted by enzymes into ammonia and bicarbonate. Because Stored Urine has a pH of leaching, some approximately 9. Most pathogens cannot survive at this pH. After 6 months of the nutrients are loststorage, but the material risk of pathogen transmission is still rich in nutrients and organic matterconsiderably reduced.
====BiogasStormwater====
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Biogas Stormwater is the common name general term for the mixture of gases released rainfall runoff collected from anaerobic digestionroofs, roads and other surfaces before flowing towards low-lying land. Typically biogas It is comprised the portion of methane (50–75%), carbon dioxide (25–50%) and varying quantities of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, water and other componentsrainfall that does not infiltrate into the soil.
====ForageUrine====
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Forage Urine is the liquid produced by the body to rid itself of urea and other waste products. In this context, the Urine product refers to aquatic or other plants pure Urine that grow in planted drying beds is not mixed with Faeces or constructed wetlands and may be harvested for feeding livestockwater. Depending on diet, human Urine collected from one person during one year (approx. 300 to 550 L) contains 2 to 4 kg of nitrogen. With the exception of some rare cases, Urine is sterile when it leaves the body.
===References===
* Elizabeth Tilley et.al (2008). [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag).