===Products=== Products are materials that are also called ‘wastes’ or ‘resources’. Some products are generated directly by humans (e.g., Urine and Faeces), others are required in the functioning of technologies (e.g., Flushwater to move Excreta through sewers) and some are generated as a function of storage or treatment (e.g., Sludge).
Products are materials For the design of a robust sanitation system, it is necessary to define all of the products that are also called ‘wastes’ or ‘resources’. Some Products are generated directly by humans flowing into (e.g. urine inputs) and faecesout of (outputs), others are required each of the sanitation technologies in the functioning of Technologies (e.gsystem. flush water to move excreta through sewers) and some The products referenced within this text are generated as a function or storage or treatment (e.g. faecal sludge)described below.
For the design of a robust sanitation system, it is necessary to define all of the Products that are flowing into (Inputs) and out (Outputs) of each of the sanitation Technologies in the system. The Products referenced within this text are described below.
====UrineAnal Cleansing Water====
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Urine Anal cleansing water is the liquid waste produced by the body water used to rid itself of urea cleanse oneself after defecating and other waste Products. In this context, the urine Product refers to pure urine that /or urinating; it is not mixed with faeces or generated by those who use water, rather than dry material, for anal cleansing. Depending on diet, human urine collected during one year (caThe volume of water used per cleaning typically ranges from 0. 500 5 L to 3 L) contains 2–4 kg nitrogen. With the exception of some rare cases, urine is sterile when it leaves the body.
====FaecesBiomass====
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Faeces Biomass refers to (semi-solid) excrement without urine plants or animals cultivated using the waterand/or nutrients flowing through a sanitation system. Each person produces approximately 50 L per year of faecal matter. Of the total nutrients excretedThe term Biomass may include fish, insects, vegetables, fruit, faeces contain about 10% Nforage or other beneficial crops that can be utilized for food, 30% Pfeed, 12% K fibre and have 107–109 faecal coliforms /100 mLfuel production.
====Anal cleansing waterBiogas====
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Anal cleansing water Biogas is the common name for the mixture of gases released from anaerobic digestion. Biogas is water collected after it has been used comprised of methane (50 to 75%), carbon dioxide (25 to cleanse oneself after defecating 50%) and/or urinating. It is only the varying quantities of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, water generated by the user for anal cleansing vapour and does not include dry materialsother components. The volume of water Biogas can be collected during anal cleansing ranges from 0.5 L to 3 L per cleaningand burned for fuel (like propane).
====StormwaterBlackwater====
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Stormwater Blackwater is the general term mixture of Urine, Faeces and Flushwater along with Anal Cleansing Water (if water is used for cleansing) and/or Dry Cleansing Materials (see Figure 1). Blackwater contains the rainfall runoff collected from roofs, roads pathogens of Faeces and other surfaces before flowing towards low-lying land. It is the portion nutrients of rainfall Urine that does not infiltrate into are diluted in the soilFlushwater.
====GreywaterBrownwater====
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Greywater Brownwater is the total volume mixture of water generated from washing foodFaeces and Flushwater, clothes and dishware as well as from bathingdoes not contain Urine. It may contain traces of excreta is generated by Urine-Diverting Flush Toilets (U.6) and , therefore will also contain pathogens and excreta. Greywater accounts for approximately 60% , the volume depends on the volume of the wastewater produced in households with flush toiletsFlushwater used. It contains few pathogens The pathogen and its flow nutrient load of nitrogen Faeces is not reduced, only 10–20% of that in blackwaterdiluted by the Flushwater. Brownwater may also include Anal Cleansing Water (if water is used for cleansing) and/or Dry Cleansing Materials (see Figure 1).
====FlushwaterCompost====
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Flushwater Compost is the water decomposed organic matter that is used to transport excreta results from a controlled aerobic degradation process. In this biological process, microorganisms (mainly bacteria and fungi) decompose the User Interface to the next technologybiodegradable waste components and produce an earth-like, odourless, brown/ black material. Compost has excellent soil-conditioning properties and a variable nutrient content. FreshwaterBecause of leaching and volatilization, rainwatersome of the nutrients may be lost, recycled greywaterbut the material is still rich in nutrients and organic matter. Generally, Excreta or any combination of the three Sludge should be composted long enough (2 to 4 months) under thermophilicconditions (55 to 60 °C) in order to be sanitized sufficiently for safe agricultural use. This temperature is not guaranteed in most Composting Chambers (S.8), but considerable pathogen reduction can normally be used as a Flushwater sourceachieved.
====OrganicsDried Faeces====
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Organics refers here to biodegradable organic Dried Faeces are Faeces that have been dehydrated until they become a dry, crumbly material that could also be called biomass or green organic waste. Although the other Products Dehydration takes place by storing Faeces in this Compendium contain organicsa dry environment with good ventilation, this term refers to undigested plant high temperatures and/or the presence of absorbent material. Organics must be added to some technologies Very little degradation occurs during dehydration and this means that the Dried Faeces are still rich in order for them to function properly (eorganic matter.gHowever, Faeces reduce by around 75% in volume during dehydration and most pathogens die off. composting chambers). Organic degradable material There is a small risk that some pathogenic organisms can include but is not limited to leavesbe reactivated under the right conditions, particularly, grass and market wastein humid environments.
====Dry cleansing materialCleansing Materials====
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Dry Cleansing Materials may be are solid materials used to cleanse oneself after defecating and/or urinating (e.g., paper, leaves, corncobs, rags, or stones and/or other dry materials that are used for anal cleansing (instead of water). Depending on the system, the dry cleansing materials Dry Cleansing Materials may be collected and separately disposed of separately. Although extremely important, we have not included a separate Product product name for menstral menstrual hygiene products like sanitary napkins and tamponsis not included in this Compendium. In general (though not always), they should be treated along with the Dry Cleansing Materials that are described heresolid waste generated in the household.
====BlackwaterEffluent====
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Blackwater Effluent is the mixture general term for a liquid that leaves a technology, typically after Blackwater or Sludge has undergone solids separation or some other type of urine, faeces and flushwater along with anal cleansing water (if anal cleansing is practiced) treatment. Effluent originates at either a Collection and/Storage or dry cleansing material a (e.g. toilet paperSemi-)Centralized Treatment technology. Blackwater has all of Depending on the pathogens of faeces and all type of treatment, the nutrients Effluent may be completely sanitized or may require further treatment before it can be used or disposed of urine, but diluted in flushwater.
====Faecal SludgeExcreta====
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Faecal Sludge Excreta consists of Urine and Faeces that is the general term for the raw (or partially digested) slurry or solid that results from the storage of blackwater or excretanot mixed with any Flushwater. The composition of faecal sludge varies significantly depending on the location, the water contentExcreta is small in volume, but concentrated in both nutrients and the storagepathogens. For example, ammonium (NH4-N) can range from 300–3000 mg/L while Helminth eggs can reach up to 60,000 eggs/L. The composition will determine Depending on the type quality of treatment that is possible and the end-use possibilitiesFaeces, it has a soft or runny consistency.
====Treated SludgeFaeces====
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Treated Sludge Faeces refers to (semi-solid) excrement that is the general term for partially digested not mixed with Urine or fully stabilized faecal sludgewater. The US Environmental Protection Agency has strict criteria to differentiate between degrees of treatment and consequentlyDepending on diet, how those different types each person produces approximately 50 L per year of sludges can be usedfaecal matter. Fresh faeces contain about 80% water. ‘Treated Sludge’ is used in the System Templates and in the Technology Information Sheets as a general term to indicate that Of the sludge has undergone some level of treatmenttotal nutrients excreted, although it should not be assumed that ‘treated sludge’ is fully treated or that it is automatically safe. It is meant to indicate that the sludge has undergone some degree of treatment and is no longer raw. It is the responsibility of the user to inquire Faeces contain about the composition12% N, 39% P, quality 26% K and therefore safety of the local sludgehave 107 to 109 faecal coliforms in 100 mL.
====ExcretaFlushwater====
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Excreta consists of urine and faeces that Flushwater is not mixed with any flushing the water. Excreta is small in volume, but concentrated in nutrients and pathogens. Depending on discharged into the quality of User Interface to transport the faeces content and/or clean it is solid. Freshwater, rainwater, recycled Greywater, soft or runnyany combination of the three can be used as a Flushwater source.
====BrownwaterGreywater====
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Brownwater consists Greywater is the total volume of faeces water generated from washing food, clothes and flushwater (although in actual practice there is always some urinedishware, as only 70–85% well as from bathing, but not from toilets. It may contain traces of the urine is divertedExcreta (e.g., from washing diapers). Brownwater is generated by urine-diverting flush toilets and , therefore, the volume depends on the volume of the flushwater usedalso pathogens. The pathogen and nutrient load Greywater accounts for approximately 65% of faeces is not reduced, only diluted by the flushwaterwastewater produced in households with flush toilets.
====Dried faecesOrganics====
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Dried faeces are faeces that have been dehydrated at high temperatures Organics refers to biodegradable plant material (and high pHorganic waste) until they become a dry, sanitized powder. Very little degradation occurs during dehydration and this means that the dried faeces are still rich must be added to some technologies in organic materialorder for them to function properly (e.g., Composting Chambers, S. Faeces will reduce in volume by around 75%8). There Organic degradable material can include, but is a small risk that some organisms can be reactivated not limited to, leaves, grass and market waste. Although other products in this Compendium contain organic matter, the right environmentsterm Organics refers to undigested plant material.
====Stored urinePit Humus====
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Stored urine Pit Humus is urine the term used to describe the nutrient- rich, hygienically improved, humic material that has been hydrolyzed naturally over timeis generated in double pit technologies (S.4-S.6) through dewatering and degradation. This earth-like product is also referred to as EcoHumus, ia term conceived by Peter Morgan in Zimbabwe.eThe various natural decomposition processes taking place in alternating pits can be both aerobic and anaerobic in nature, depending on the technology and operating conditions. The main difference between Pit Humus and Compost is that the urea has been converted by enzymes into carbon dioxide degradation processes are passive and ammonia. Stored urine has are not subjected to a pH of approximately 9controlled oxygen supply, C:N ratio, humidity and temperature. After 6 months of storageTherefore, the risk rate of pathogen transmission reduction is reduced generally slower and the quality of the product, including its nutrient and organic matter content, can vary considerably.Pit Humus can look very similar to Compost and have good soil conditioning properties, although pathogens may still be present.
====Stored faecesPre-Treatment Products====
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Stored faeces just refers to faeces that Pre-Treatment Products are stored temporarilymaterials separated from Blackwater, for example Brownwater, Greywater or Sludge in a containerpreliminary treatment units, such as screens, grease traps or grit chambers (see PRE, p. 100). Substances like fats, oil, grease, and various solids (e.g. sand, fibres and trash), can impair transport and/or treatment efficiency through clogging and wear. Therefore, early removal of these substances is crucial for later treatmentthe durability of a sanitation system.
====EffluentSludge====
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Effluent Sludge is the general term for liquid that has undergone some level a mixture of treatment solids and liquids, containing mostly Excreta and water, in combination with sand, grit, metals, trash and/or separation various chemical compounds. A distinction can be made between faecal Sludge and wastewater Sludge. Faecal Sludge comes from solidsonsite sanitation technologies, i.e., it has not been transported through a sewer. It originates at either can be raw or partially digested, a slurry or semisolid, and results from the Collection and Storage/Treatment of Excreta or Blackwater, with or without Greywater. For a more detailed characterization of faecal Sludge refer to Strande et al., 2014 (see Sector Development Tools, p. 9). Wastewater Sludge (also referred to as sewage Sludge) is Sludge that originatesfrom sewer-based wastewater collection and (Semi-) Centralized Treatment Technologyprocesses. Depending on The Sludge composition will determine the type of treatment, that is required and the effluent may be completely sanitized or may require further treatment before it can be used or disposed ofend-use possibilities.
====Compost - EcoHumusStored Urine====
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Compost/EcoHumus Stored Urine is the earth-likeUrine that has been hydrolysed naturally over time, i.e., brown/black material that is the result of decomposed organic matter. Generally Compost/EcoHumus urea has been hygienized sufficiently that it can be used safely in agricultureconverted by enzymes into ammonia and bicarbonate. Because Stored Urine has a pH of leaching, some approximately 9. Most pathogens cannot survive at this pH. After 6 months of the nutrients are loststorage, but the material risk of pathogen transmission is still rich in nutrients and organic matterconsiderably reduced.
====BiogasStormwater====
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Biogas Stormwater is the common name general term for the mixture of gases released rainfall runoff collected from anaerobic digestionroofs, roads and other surfaces before flowing towards low-lying land. Typically biogas It is comprised the portion of methane (50–75%), carbon dioxide (25–50%) and varying quantities of nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide, water and other componentsrainfall that does not infiltrate into the soil.
====ForageUrine====
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Forage Urine is the liquid produced by the body to rid itself of urea and other waste products. In this context, the Urine product refers to aquatic or other plants pure Urine that grow in planted drying beds is not mixed with Faeces or constructed wetlands and may be harvested for feeding livestockwater. Depending on diet, human Urine collected from one person during one year (approx. 300 to 550 L) contains 2 to 4 kg of nitrogen. With the exception of some rare cases, Urine is sterile when it leaves the body.
===References===
* Elizabeth Tilley et.al (2008). [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag).