__NOTOC__[[Image:Rope_pump_icon.png|right]][[Image:RopePumpMozambique.JPG|thumb|right|150px|[[Rope pump| Rope pump]] on a borehole, made in a local workshop in Mozambique ]][[Image:RopePumpvietnam.jpg|thumb|right|150px{{Language-box|[[english_link= Rope pump| Rope pump]] used for rice paddy irrigation in Vietnam]][[Image:RopePumpZambia.jpgfrench_link= Coming soon |thumbspanish_link= Coming soon |righthindi_link= Coming soon |150pxmalayalam_link= Coming soon |[[Rope pumptamil_link= Coming soon | Rope pump]] used for irrigation in Zambia]][[Image:Rope_pump.PNGswahili_link=coming soon |thumbkorean_link= Coming soon |rightchinese_link=绳泵|150pxindonesian_link= Coming soon |[[Rope pump | Rope pump ]], (Victory model) on a hand-dug of 20 meters deep well, made in a local workshop in northern Ghana ]][[Image:RopePumpBicycle.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Rope pump| Rope pump]], bicycle model, produced and used in Nicaragua]][[Image:RopePumpMotor.png|thumb|right|150px|[[Rope pump| Motorized rope pump]], powered by a diesel motor, used for irrigation. Pumping from a 25m well.]]japanese_link= Coming soon }}
A [[Image:Rope_pump_icon.png|right|80px]][[Image:RopePumpMozambique.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Rope Pump consist of a PVC pipe with pump]] on a rope though itborehole, to which washers are attached which fit made in the tube with a small clearance. A wheel above ground pulls the rope with the washers through the pipe. The water is held between the washers local workshop in the pipe, and is pulled to the surface. Rope pumps are very simple, and can be easily repaired. They are used for domestic water supply, irrigation and cattle watering. For wells down to 35 m, rope pumps are often five times cheaper and more sustainable than piston pumps. Rope pumps can be powered by hand, bicycle, motor, horse, or wind power.Mozambique ]]
==History The modern Rope pump is a highly efficient and social context==Because of its low costpump, it can be produced with local materials and can be truly operated and maintained at a village level. The basic design has a wheel with a continuous loop of rope with pistons that fit with a small clearance in the pump pipe. The low end of this pipe is also popular for domestic useat the bottom of the well. A survey among 5,025 rural families in Nicaragua indicates that a By turning the wheel the rope passes up through the PVC pump increases income, even if used for domestic purposes onlypipe and pushes the water up. Families with a At the top end of the pump earn US$ 220 per year more than families without pipe, the diameter increases and the water comes out via a pumpTee piece. In Nicaragua the pumps are now being produced commercially by 20 workshops.
Different models of If produced and installed well, Rope pumps were introduced in Africa. This introduction has not always been successful: in one projects over 80% prove to be sustainable and now there are 120,000 of the these pumps did NOT work after one year! Howeverworld wide used for communal and domestic water supply, with the "right" irrigation and cattle watering. Modern models can pump from wells as deep as 35 m and the "right" user trainingcompared to imported hand pumps, up Rope pumps are three to 90% remain in operation in Africa, five times cheaper. Good quality pumps can last for 20 years or more as the Victory model is proven in Ghana and Nicaragua where the Elephant model first improved models that were installed in Zimbabwe have proved1990 are still working. Rope pumps can be powered by hand, bicycle, motor, horse, or wind power.
==Suitable conditions ==Origins====A rope The almost intuitive design is known by many names, including the paternoster (after the beaded prayer chain it resembles), Noria pump, liberation pump can be used to draw water from wells or boreholeschain-and-washer pump but all have the same pump principle. Applications include communal wells Evidence of this pump principle dates back as far as two thousand years, householdsto feudal China <ref> Fraenkel, irrigationPeter, and cattle wateringThake, Jeremy.
One person can draw [http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/118633 Water Lifting Devices, A handbook for users and choosers], 3rd ed. UK, Rugby: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd, 2006.</ref>. The earliest report of the design in the west is cited <ref> Olsen, J. P. [https://utorontopress.com/us/greek-and-roman-mechanical-water up -lifting-devices-1 Greek & Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices: The History of a Technology]. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1984. </ref> as that illustrated by the Sienese early renaissance engineer, Tacolla, circa 1433 <ref> Tacolla, Mariano. ''De Ingeineis'', Liber Primus Leonis, Liber Secundis Draconis, Addenda. c. 1433, folio 80. </ref>, a copy of which is given in the figure to 35 mthe right <ref>Weisbaden, Ludwig, ed. et al. [http://digital.library.cornell.edu/k/kmoddl/pdf/037_001.pdf Facsimile of De Ingeineis], two persons can Liber Primus Leonis, Liber Secundis Draconis, Addenda [online]. Germany: Satz Und Druck, 1984. [April 2009]</ref>. In the 1970 and 80s the basic design was adapted by numerous individuals, the most prominent of which were R. van Tijen of Demotech, J. Haemhouts <ref>Sandiford, Peter, et al. [http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/116194 The Nicaraguan Rope-pump to 60m ]. ''Waterlines'', January 1993, Vol. 11 (using a second crank3).</ref> <ref> Lammerink, M.P. et al. [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/evaluation-report-nicaraguan-experiences-rope-pump-final-report EVALUATION REPORT NICARAGUAN EXPERIENCES WITH ROPE PUMP] The Netherlands: IRC, 1995. </ref> and R. Lambert <ref>Lambert, R. A . [http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/110481 How to make a rope -and-washer pump can be driven by hand]. London: Intermediate Technology Design Group, windmill1990.</ref>. They applied the simple design as a tool aimed at economic and social development. They took advantage of low cost and versatile modern plastics to produce the modern rope-pump design. They applied this pump as a homemade, motorlow lift pump. However the early models did not really take off and a successful scaling up of the Rope pump only started in 1988 in Nicaragua where the pump was technically improved by Van Hemert of the organization SNV and Alberts of Bombas de mecate. They made it into a compact metal model fit for commercial sales, bicycleproduced and sold by local private companies. V. Hemert and Alberts <ref>Alberts, and animalsJ. H. [http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Alberts-2004-Rope. A pdf The rope -pump can pump 40 litres - an example of technology transfer]. ''Waterlines'', January 2004, Vol. 22 (3), 22-25.</ min from 10 meters depthref> Holtslag.
Some 70,000 rope pumps are in use in Nicaragua, 20,000 in Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Cambodia, India, Vietnam, and others. In total, the Rope pump is used in over 30 countries.
The [[Image:An illustration of the basic rope-pump can be used by single familiesdesign in the west circa 1433.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Rope Pump]] first illustrated in the west circa 1433 <ref>Weisbaden, Ludwig, ed. et al. [http://digital.library.cornell.edu/k/kmoddl/pdf/037_001.pdf Facsimile of De Ingeineis], Liber Primus Leonis, Liber Secundis Draconis, Addenda [online]. Germany: Satz Und Druck, or up to 20 families (100 people)1984.[April 2009]</ref>]]
{{procontable | pro===Suitable conditions===- Significantly cheaper (up [[Image:horse rope pump.jpg|thumb|right|200px|'''Horse Rope pump''', powered by horses or donkeys. Pumps from wells to 65 m deep. Pump capacity 5 times) more than piston pumpsa hand powered model. Used in Nicaragua. <br>Photo: Henk Holtslag]]- If made well, one A Rope pump can supply up be used to draw water from large diameter hand dug wells of 3 meters to 250 people boreholes as experiences in Nicaragua, Ghana and other countries indicatesmall as 6 cm. HoweverOne person can draw water up from 35 m deep, suggested use is for maximum of 20 families two persons can pump from 60 m deep (100 peopleusing a second crank) <br>- Easy to maintain. <br>- Easy to train on maintenance. <br>- Can be made locally and if powered by workshopan engine it can pump from 100 meters or more. <br>- Ideal to A Rope pump can be used driven by one hand, bicycle, animals, wind or two families in engines. If well made, a shallow hand Rope pump delivers 35 litres / min from 10 meters depth and halve of that if the well on their own yardis 20 metres deep. Rope Pumps can be [http://www.mawama. <br>org/rope-pump/rope-pump- Can be used for irrigation and income generationefficiency very efficient] but typically have an efficiencies of 65%, [http://www.mawama. <br>org/rope-pump/rope-pump- Can efficiency model equations of the rope pump] confirm the best rope speed to around 1.2m/s and the piston spacing to be driven by hand, windmill, motor, bicycle, animals1m. Hand pump models are most commonly used at depths less than 35m. <br>
| con= - The rope pump is easy to copySome 70,000 Rope pumps are now in use in Nicaragua, 10,000 in countries like Mexico, Honduras, but bad copying (materialsGuatemala, construction) leads to early break downEl Salvador and Bolivia.- Lack of maintenance and installation errors30,000 in African countries like Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal, Tanzania, Zambia, can lead to early wearing out or breakage of pump parts<br>- A “blocking system” is needed on the handle to avoid return of the handleMozambique, if not the "spinning back" of the handle can be dangerousZimbabwe, especially for childrenMalawi and 6000 in Cambodia and India.<br>- Compared to piston pumps In total, the rope pumps splashes more.<br>- Not suitable as a community Rope pump for more than 20 familiesis used in over 25 countries.<br>}}
==Technical specification==With different depths, different sizes of The Rope pump pipes are neededis most suitable for single families, otherwise the pumping becomes but is also often used for communities up to heavy. See manuals on websites of [http://www.practicafoundation.nl/library/manuals/ Practica Foundation] and [http://www.connectinternational.nl/english/smartmodules/smart-tec/pumps/ropepumpproduction Connect International]20 families (150 people).<br>
Many different types of rope pump exist{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|-! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages|-| valign="top" | - Simple, no “black box” <br> - Easy to maintain <br>- Easy to train on production, powered maintenance- Can be made locally by handworkshops <br> - Significantly (5 to 8 times) cheaper than imported piston pumps for the same depth <br> - Rotating movement, no dynamic force like in piston pumps<br> - Pump parts in the wells plastic and concrete (no corrosion) <br> - Rotating shaft, easy to power by bicycle, windanimals, horsewindmills, etcelectric motors or combustion engines <br> - Ideal to be used by one or two families in their own yard <br>- Fit for irrigation, therefore used as income generation <br>- If made well, one pump can supply up to 250 people as is the experience in Nicaragua, Tanzania, Malawi and other countries.However, suggested use is for maximum of 20 families (150 people)
Similar | valign="top" | - It is simple which is good but also leads to piston pumpsbad copying resulting in early break down and bad image <br>- Requires frequent maintenance like oiling the bushings, a cement slab if not leads to early wearing out and a good soak away are breakage of pump handle <br>- A “blocking system” is needed on the handle to avoid splash water becoming return of the handle which can be dangerous, especially for children <br>- It cannot pump higher than the pump outlet <br>- Compared to piston pumps the Rope pump is semi-open at the top which in theory, can cause contamination of the well. (if well made this is hardly a cause problem in practice) <br> - The Rope pump splashes more than piston pumps. <br>- Not suitable for pollutioncommunities larger than 20 families.|}
===== Motorized rope pumps ==Construction, operations and maintenance===Most common diesel [[Image:Rope_pump_action_diagram.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Rope pump]], An illustration of the pumping action of a rope pump. However, this drawing needs adaptation. The pipe diameter at and petrol pumps are suction pumps that can above the Tee piece should be larger than the pump from shallow wells down to 7 mpipe. deepThis is essential for good functioning of the pump. Now most of the water will come out at the top!]][[Image:Rope_pump. Pumping from deeper wells requires generator PNG|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump | Rope pump sets or long]], (Victory model) on a hand-shaft diesel pumps costing US$ 800 or moredug of 20 meters deep well, made in a local workshop in northern Ghana. Where there is electricity, submersible pumps can be used but many small farmers do not have electricityPhoto: Netherlands Water Partnership.]]
Motorised rope pumps can With deeper wells, smaller diameter pump from deep wellspipes are needed, up to 60motherwise the pumping becomes too heavy. See manuals on websites of [http://practica.<ref>org/publications/ Practica Foundation], [http://www.practicafoundationconnectinternational.nl/productsenglish/pumpssmartmodules/motorized-ropesmart-pumptec/ Information on Motorized rope pumps on the website of Practica Foundation/ropepumpproduction Connect International]<, and [http://ref> This model combines a rope pump with an electric motor or petrol enginewww.ropepumps.org ropepumps. Pump parts and other elements of the structure can be produced in local workshops, the engines are often importedorg].<br>
If combined with a locally available small petrol engine the cost Many different types of a motorised deeprope pump exist, powered by hand, bicycle, wind, horse, [http://www.mawama.org/rope-well pump can be US$ 450. This is far cheaper then long/powered-rope-pump/solar-pv-powered-rope-shaft diesel pumps or submersible pumps and this cost can even be less when Chinese engines are usedpump solar] etc.
Similar to hand rope piston pumps, the pump part can be maintained a cement slab and a good soak away are needed to avoid splash water and repaired by recontamination of the users. The motorised rope pump is being tested water in Columbia and Nicaraguathe well.
====Design====
* Pumping depth (Lift): 0 to 35 m
* Cylinder diameter: (pump pipe) 32 mm for 1 to 10 metres deep, 25 mm for 10 to 20 metres deep and 19 mm for 20 to 35 metres deep
* Pistons: Rubber or HD PE (plastic) pistons spaced at 1 m
* Yield: (50 watt input) at a 10 m head the yield is 2 m³/hour. [http://www.mawama.org/rope-pump/rope-pump-efficiency Model equations can be found here]
* Population/field area served: Max 150 people or irrigation of 0.1 hectare
* Type of well: dug well of 3 metres to borehole of 6 to 20 cm diameter
====Operation====The Rope pump can be made in any country since the design can be adapted to the materials that are locally available. After due training it can be produced, by small or medium metal companies or blacksmiths that have a welding machine and standard hand tools. Although simple does not mean easy. It is essential to build the pump with 10 basic design rules. (See [http://www.ropepumps.org ropepumps.org] FAQs). In general, training is needed for good quality in production and, as important, good installation. The pump frame is made of galvanized pipes or mild steel. The handle is a galvanized steel pipe with metal bushings (there are also designs with ball bearings, or wooden bushings). The pulley wheel is made of the sides of a used car tire and mounted with clamps and spokes on the handle. The wheel should have a sharp 'v' shape to get a good traction on the rope. The ropes are made of Polyethylene, Polypropylene, or Polyamide fibers varying from Ø 4 to Ø 8 mm. Natural fibers are not suitable, as they will stretch when wet, and degrade too fast. The pistons are made of the side of the siude of a used car tire or injection molded HD polyethylene. The rising main are PVC pipes with wall thickness of 1.5 to 2 mm and diameters of 20 to 50 mm (depending on depth of the water level). The guide box is made of concrete (with a ceramic piece or small glass bottle as turning point), galvanized pipe or wood with a PVC turning point.
====Maintenance====
Maintenance is limited, and consist mainly One of the main strengths of repairing the rope or handle. Evaluations show Rope pump is that rope pumps on communal wells maintenance and repairs are relatively simple and can easily and genuinely be maintained done at village level by the users under certain conditionslocal technicians. One Because of the main conditions is a very high level of community coherence local production, spares are available and responsibilityknowledge to do repairs. If The most frequent repairs consist of replacing the rope pump technology is introduced properly, like often is and pistons and weekly oiling of the case with bushings. The installation and repairs of the Zimbabwe Elephant Rope pumppart does not require special tools, up to 90% of rope pumps remain operational, even after many yearsand pump pipes are very light so no need for any lifting equipment.
====Manufacturing ====Although easy and simple, it is important that users are instructed in why and how to maintain and repair their pump. Evaluations show that pumps (including Rope pumps) on communal wells have a tendency to fail for reasons like a lack of ownership and problems with generating funds for repairs and replacements. See example of Ghana, below. If Rope pumps are produced and installed properly (and if the users have ownership), 90% of Rope pumps remain operational, even after many years as is proven by pumps in Nicaragua, Zimbabwe Tanzania, Malawi and other countries. Compared to piston pumps the repairs of Rope pumps is simpler and cheaper, plus because of local production, spares are available.
==Cost==Other Rope pump models====Besides hand powered Rope pumps there are models powered by Pedals, Horse, Wind, Electric motor or petrol engines. Common available petrol pumps are suction pumps for shallow wells down to 7 m. deep. Deeper wells require generator pump sets or long-shaft diesel pumps costing US$ 1000 or more. Where there is electricity, submersible pumps can be used but these are relatively expensive and many small farmers do not have electricity. Motorized Rope pumps can pump from wells down to 60m <ref>[http://www.practica.org/products/pumps/motorized-rope-pump/ Information on Motorized rope pumps] from the Practica Foundation</ref> Similar to the Hand pump model, it can be produced in local workshops using engines that are common in the country. The cost of a Motor Rope pump is 600 US$. This is far cheaper than long-shaft diesel pumps or submersible pumps with the advantage that in case of emergency, the pump can be powered by hand. Similar to the hand powered model, maintenance and repairs are relatively easy. There are motorized Rope pumps in Niger, Ethiopia and Nicaragua. ===Costs===* The Hand Rope Pump costs pumps cost between US$ 30-150 depending on model, location of production, and cost of materials and labour.
* Cost of introduction: between US$ 10,000-30,000 per project, including 20 pumps, engineering and hands-on training.
* Rural water programme: US$ 150,000-200,000 per project, including 1,000 pumps, start up of production facility and hands-on training.
==Country =Field experiences===[[Image:RopePumpBicycle.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Pedal Rope pump]], bicycle model, produced and used in Nicaragua]][[Image:RopePumpMotor.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Motor Rope pump]], powered by a diesel motor, used for irrigation. Pumping from a 25m well. Photo: Netherlands Water Partnership.]][[Image:RopePumpZambia.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Hand Rope pump]] used for irrigation in Zambia]]In 2008[[Image:Rope pump cross section.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Rope pump]] Cross section diagram of a Rope pump with a complete wheel cover, 95% of the Rope pumps have a small wheel cover to reduce cost and make maintenance easier. Also water quality of semi-covered Rope pumps is the same as completely closed Rope pumps.]] Because of its low cost, the pump is also popular for [[Self Supply|Self Supply]]. A survey among 5,025 rural families in Nicaragua indicates that an Rope pump increases family income, even if used for domestic purposes only. Families with a pump on their well earn an average US$ 220 more per year more than families who use a rope and a bucket on their well. In Nicaragua pumps are now being produced commercially by some 10 workshops. Different models of Rope pumps were introduced in Africa. This introduction has not always been successful as described above. In Ghana, 80% of the pumps did not work after one year and in Ethiopia, Uganda and Mozambique there were similar problems with pumps being installed for large communities. However, with the "right" models, the "right" user training and willingness of users to pay for repairs, up to 90% remain in operation also in Africa, as the Victory pump model in Ghana, the Elephant model in Zimbabwe and the SHIPO Model in Tanzania and Malawi prove. In 2013, Rope pumps were used in over 30 countries. Below are the experiences in several countries. ====Nicaragua====Some 70.000 rope pumps have been installed since 1988. The shift from imported piston pumps of $600 to locally produced rope pumps of $100 has doubled rural water supply in ten years, Zimbabwe much faster than countries that applied imported hand Piston pumps. Users do the maintenance and Ghana are listedover 95% of the Rope pumps remain in operation. The Rope pump has been adopted as the standard water pump by the government.
<b>Nicaragua</b>Some 70.000 rope 80% of the Rope pumps have been installed since 1990in Nicaragua are used for one or a few families for [[Self Supply|self supply]]. The shift from imported piston pumps economic effect of 600$ to locally produced rope family pumps is a total generated income of 70over 100 million US$ has doubled rural water supply in ten the last 12 years, much faster than countries that apply piston pumps. Users do the maintenance and over 95% Families with a pump earn an average of the pumps remain in operation220 US$ more than families without a pump on their well (Investigation by CESADE/ICCO at 5015 families). The rope extra income is explained by the fact that as soon as families have a pump has been adopted as near the standard house, women save time, more water is used (so more hygiene) and water pump by the governmentis used for animals, garden irrigation and reducing health related costs and generating extra income.
<b>====Zimbabwe</b>====A rope Rope pump model called the Elephant Pump was introduced by the organisation Pump Aid in 1990. The main difference with the traditional rope other Rope pump models is the solid round concrete structure around the wheelpump, to protect the well and to avoid splashingand recontamination. Now some 3,000 pumps serve 950,000 people and some 95% of the pumps are working. Many more pumps are planned to be installed in these countries before 2015 and if this can be realized, this these pumps together will reach 3 1 million more people. .
<b>====Ghana</b> ====The first experiences with rope pumps in Ghana were discouraging. In a World Bank funded project, 80% did not function after one year because of lack of user involvement and production errors. In the year 2000 some 200 pumps were installed. After 1 year 80% of these pumps were defect. Major reasons were errors in construction and installation and lack of funds for follow up so there was no ownership created and hence a lack of maintenance. These problems caused a bad image of this pump type in Ghana and the government did not approve of this pump type. In other parts of Ghana other Rope pump models were installed Like the Victoria model produced in Bolgatanga and Pumping is life model on boreholes. Better quality and good community involvement resulted in much better results and most of the new model Rope pumps are working. The Rope pumps in northern Ghana were among others supported by Water Aid. The good results of the new pumps slowly improve the image of the Rope pump in Ghana again. After improvements some 1.600 pumps were installed.
<b>Malawi, Blantyre trials</b>====Ethiopia==== Several rope Rope pumps were introduced in order to provide a better alternative for here around 2006 by the Afridev Community handpumpPractica foundation and supported by organizations like IDE, which is the standard handpump JICA and Water Aid. During several years local metal workshops have been trained in Malawiproduction and model. The Afridev is not However the pump became so popular due that untrained workshops also started to many breakdowns produce and not available spare parts, especially in sell the more remote areaspumps. HoweverBy 2012, there were an estimated 10, the rope 000 Rope pumps also broke down many times, sometimes several times per month, due to installed in but often the high number of users pump and installation was therefor not considered by the users as of a poor quality without a good alternative for a community pump, although repairs were possible. Another disadvantage mentionned was that children found it difficult seal resulting water to pump and sometimes got hurt when the handle security break system was not functioning (leak back in that case the handle turns back with a high speed due to the weight well and causing recontamination of the water in the riser pipe). The communities now prefer a more reliable handpump than the Afridev, with less need for spares.
<b>Mozambique</b>As in Malawi, In 2013 the rope pump was seen as government of Ethiopia decide to make a viable alternative long term program to the Afridev which is generally the official pump of choice. WaterAid had first introduced a bucket improve and windlass system in the Niassa provice as an alternative due to standardize the high failure rate of Afridev Rope pumps, but the Mozambican government refused to accept these as official community water supplies. WaterAid, in partnership and is doing this with funds from the Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation (SDC), UNICEF, CARE Japanese aid organization JICA and the Government of Mozambique, therefore began a lengthy process of piloting a robust community rope pump, first relying on technical support from Bombas de Mecate in Nicaragua, but later adapting the design from Madagascar. The new model meets a number of key well protection and water quality criteria set down by the development team. Three manufacturers are now in operation in three provinces and through a process of skill sharing improvements have been made to the design resulting in a robust high quality model. A manufacturing standard has also been produced with the help of SKAT. The final stages of this process are currently underway which include the final approval of the pump as well as the licensing of the manufacturers by the Governments standards laboratoryDutch organization Meta.
There are now more than 300 rope pumps installed across three provinces ====Tanzania==== Here the local organization [http://www.SHIPO-TZ.org SHIPO] in Njombe (Niassa, Cabo Delgado South Tanzania) introduced the Rope pump in 2006. With support of the Dutch organization Connect International and Zambezia)funds from the Dutch government and in Niassa particularly WaterAid funded projects continues to offer communities Aqua for All, a so-called SMART Centre started. This Centre demonstrates a choice range of either low cost water technologies like manual drilling hand pumps, water tanks, household filters etc. and trains organizations and the local private sector in production, maintenance, business skills etc. The centre organizes trainings for organizations like Winrock, Msabi and others. The result after 6 years is some 20 local companies trained, over 4000 SHIPO model Rope Pump pumps installed, 800 manual drilled boreholes and cost reduction for rural water points of the Afridev40 to 15US$/person. In addition the installed last 2 years, out of the 4000 Rope pumps are monitored twice per year in order , some 30% now is sold to better understand private families who pay for the pumps sustainabilitypump with cash or via small loans.
====Malawi, Blantyre trials====
Several rope pumps were introduced in order to provide a better alternative for the Afridev Community handpump, which is the standard handpump in Malawi. The Afridev is not popular due to many breakdowns and not available spare parts, especially in the more remote areas. However, the rope pumps also broke down many times, sometimes several times per month, due to the high number of users and was therefor not considered by the users as a good alternative for a community pump, although repairs were possible. Another disadvantage mentioned was that children found it difficult to pump and sometimes got hurt when the handle security break system was not functioning (in that case the handle turns back with a high speed due to the weight of the water in the riser pipe). The communities now prefer a more reliable handpump than the Afridev, with less need for spares.
====Mozambique====
As in Malawi, the Rope pump was seen as a viable alternative to the Afridev which is generally the official pump of choice. WaterAid had first introduced a bucket and windlass system in the Niassa province as an alternative due to the high failure rate of Afridev pumps, but the Mozambican government refused to accept these as official community water supplies. WaterAid, in partnership with the Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation (SDC), UNICEF, CARE and the Government of Mozambique, therefore began a lengthy process of piloting a robust community rope pump, first relying on support from Bombas de Mecate in Nicaragua, but later adapting the design from Madagascar which is a pump model with a closed wheel cover. The new model meets a number of key well protection and water quality criteria set down by the development team. Three manufacturers were in operation in three provinces and through a process of skill sharing improvements have been made to the design resulting in a robust high quality model. A manufacturing standard has also been produced with the help of SKAT. After final stages of this process there was a final approval of the pump in 2011 as well as the licensing of the manufacturers by the Governments standards laboratory.
There are now more than 300 Rope pumps installed across three provinces (Niassa, Cabo Delgado and Zambezia) and in Niassa particularly WaterAid funded projects continues to offer communities a choice of either the Rope pump of the Afridev. The pumps were monitored twice per year in order to better understand the pumps sustainability. At this moment (July 2013) The trained manufacturers are not producing anymore and most of these pumps are defect. Reasons are as mentioned before, lack of ownership and payment for repairs and technical breakdowns because the number of people using the pumps was too large. Also the complete cover of the pump complicated the repairs.
Another organization ADPP in Itoculo (near Nampula ) trained workshops in the production of the so called SHIPO model of which there now are 4000 in Tanzania. Some 350 of these pumps are installed on hand dug or manual drilled tube wells and some 70% are working. At this moment (July 2013) this pump model is being produced in Monapo.
It was not considered by the users as a good community pump, although repairs were possible. Another disadvantage mentioned was that children found it difficult to pump (caused by too large of a pump pipe diameter) and sometimes got hurt when the handle security break system was not functioning. Due to lack of quality control the pumps did not have an anti-return system. This results in the handle turning back with a high speed due to the weight of the water in the riser pipe. In 2008, over 2000 simple Pole model Rope pumps for irrigation were installed near Blantyre made by the organization DAPP.
In 2012, a Water training centre (SMART Centre) at the Mzuzu University introduced the SHIPO model Rope pump. This centre, supported by Connect International, is now (in 2013) training local companies in manual well drilling and Rope pumps. A focus is on quality control via certification. After initial problems, now good quality pumps are produced and some 100 installed. [https://www.facebook.com/SMART.Centre.Mzuzu/ Mzuzu Smart Centre].
Apart from this initiative, PumpAid has also been active in the Chimoio province installing Elephant Pumps which are also rope pumps.
Please see the external links below for further information.
<b>====Burkina Faso</b>====WaterAid in Burkina Faso is also currently developing a rope Rope pump model suitable to local conditions. This project has resulted in a renewed understanding across WaterAid of the need to ensure that rope Rope pumps destined for community water supplies require high quality manufacturing and installation techniques in order to improve their sustainability. WaterAid now intends to renew its efforts across the organisation organization to improving the quality of rope pumps in countries where this is supported. A training course for manufacturers from Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Zambia and Malawi was held in early 2010 as part of this process. A recent interesting development in Burkina Faso has been the redesign of the bottom guide box to include a non-return valve (foot valve) thereby ensuring that water is immediately available from the first turn of the pump handle. This is currently being piloted on a few pumps. Another organization, Winrock, started trainings in other local workshops and installed Rope pumps of the SHIPO model in communities up to 150 people in 2012 and 2013. Some 100 are installed at the end of 2013 and 98% are functioning.
A recent interesting development in Burkina Faso has been the re====Akvo RSR projects===={|style="border: 2px solid #e0e0e0; width: 20%; text-design of the align: justify; background-color: #e9f5fd;" cellpadding="2"<!--rsr logo here-->|- style="vertical-align: top"|[[Image:akvorsr logo_lite.png|center|60px|link=http://akvo.org/products/rsr/]]<!--project blocks here-->|- style="vertical-align: bottom guide box to include a non-return valve (foot valve) thereby ensuring that "|[[Image:project 1349.jpg |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1349/ RSR Project 1349]<br>Safe water is immediately available from the first turn of the pump handle<br>for Wajir</center></font>|link=http://rsr. This is currently being piloted on a few pumpsakvo.org/project/1349/]] |}
==Manuals==* [http://www.practicafoundation.nl/wp-content/uploads/PDF/practica-180306-rope-pump-manual-ethiopia-march-2006-complete1.pdf Rope Pump production manual], produced by [http://www.practicafoundation.nl/ PRACTICA] and [http://www.etc-international.org/index.php?id=41ETC ETC Foundation]. It has 86 pages and contains detailed instructions.* Construction manual [http://www.connectinternational.nl/english/smartmodules/smart-tec/pumps/ropepumpproduction Connect International].<br>
===Manuals, videos and links===
====Manuals====
* Jan Nederstigt, Arjen van der Wal. [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/Rope%20pump%20manuels/ropepump%20manual%20EN%20full.pdf Rope Pump: Low Cost Pump Series. TECHNICAL TRAINING HANDBOOK ON ROPE PUMP PRODUCTION, INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE]. Practica Foundation. August 2011 (3rd edition). French version: [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/Rope%20pump%20manuels/ropepump%20manual%20FR%20full.pdf A POMPE A CORDE: Séries de la pompe à moindre coût.]
==Movies==* [http://www.youtubepractica.comorg/watch?v=wp-o9jzEcu57A Rope pumps around the world (Connect International, Netherlands, 2008)]* [http:content/uploads/www.youtube.comPDF/watch?v=06JoZlo77gk Small scale irrigation with a practica-180306-rope -pump, Zambia (Connect International, Netherlands, 2008)]* [http://www.youtube-manual-ethiopia-march-2006-complete1.com/watch?v=pvHtqsUIoDs Hand drilled borehole and rope pump in Tanzania (Connect International, Netherlands, 2008)]* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1qIdvH1bvM Windmill powered rope pump in Nicaragua (S.J. Batchelor, 1999)]* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9wWLuX8pmNA pdf Rope Pump animation (Resource Development International Cambodiaproduction manual], RDI)]* produced by [http://www.youtubepractica.com/watch?v=KTuqHEVo2TA&feature=channel_page Motorized rope pump on platform in Ethiopia, used to fill an overhead tankorg PRACTICA]* and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=etc-YE42YdLHVI&feature=channel_page Motorized rope pump in Burkina Faso, used for smalls scale irrigationinternational.]* [http:/org/wwwindex.youtube.com/watchphp?vid=BJVNBoGF968 Rope pump documentary part 141ETC ETC Foundation]* [http://www.youtubeIt has 86 pages and contains detailed instructions.com/watch?v=dGVvdcl4z8I Rope pump documentary part 2]
* Construction manual [http://www.connectinternational.nl/english/smartmodules/smart-tec/pumps/ropepumpproduction SHIPO Model, Connect International].
==External links==* ERPF, K. (2006) [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/338 Installation and Maintenance Manual for Rope Pumps], Skat, Rural Water Supply Network, St Gallen, Switzerland. * ERPF, K. (2006) Manufacturing Guidelines for the Production of Rope Pumps in Mozambique. Skat, Rural Water Supply Network, St Gallen, Switzerland [http://www.ropepumpsrural-water-supply.orgnet/en/resources/details/340 English], [http:// www.ropepumpsrural-water-supply.org websitenet/en/resources/details/341 Portuguese]. * RANDRIANASOLO, A. and ERPF, K. (2004) [http://www.ircrural-water-supply.nlnet/en/resources/pagedetails/31886 337 Madagascar Rope pumps: outPump Specification. First Edition 0 -perform conventional handpumps on most counts in Ghana test2004], Skat, Rural Water Supply Network, St Gallen, Switzerland. Article on IRC. * RWSN (2006) [http://www.ircrural-water-supply.nlnet/en/resources/details/339 Maintenance Card for Rope Pump], Skat, Rural Water Supply Network, St Gallen, Switzerland. ====Videos==== {|style="border: 1px #176fb7; background-color: #efefef" align="none" cellpadding="5"|<font size="3"> Visit our pageof more than 15 [[Rope pump videos]]</15380 font>|} ====External links====[[Image:RopePumpvietnam.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Rope pump]] used for rice paddy irrigation in Vietnam]][[Image: local production and installation capacity being developed wind rope pump.jpg|thumb|right|200px|'''Wind Rope pump''' used in SenegalNicaragua, produced by AMEC]]* [http://www.ropepumps. Article on IRCorg/ ropepumps.org] (English and Spanish)*[http://www.rwsnropepump.chcom/prarticleropepump.2005com] (Spanish)* [http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Sutton-102009-25Transferring.9856177177pdf Transferring the rope pump to Africa: A long and winding road?]. Article on IRC.* [http://prarticlewww.2005rural-10water-26supply.2582788867net/en/prarticle.2008sustainable-12groundwater-04.2105225472 management/pumps Overview of community handpumps hand pumps at the RWSN website]* [http://www.rwsnrural-water-supply.chnet/documentationen/skatdocumentation.2005-11-15.3234222147resources/details/file 289 Low-cost pump alternatives for rural communities in Honduras (rope- and EMAS pumps), SKAT website]
* [http://www.pumpaid.org/The-Elephant-Pump.shtml Pump Aid works in Malawi and Zimbambwe with the Elephant pump, a kind of rope pump.]
* [http://www.ropepump.com www.ropepump.com] * [http://www.ideas-at-work.org/IdeasRopePump.html Ideas at Work, Cambodia]
* [http://www.wateraid.org/international/what_we_do/where_we_work/mozambique/2595.asp Rope Pump - WaterAid in Mozambique]
* [http://www.appropedia.org/Rope_pump Rope pump article at Appropedia]
* [[Solution_of_the_week_7|Akvo solution of the week 7]]
* [[Solution_of_the_week_9|Akvo solution of the week 9]]
* [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/307 'Low Cost Hand pumps' RWSN Field Note 2011-3]* [http://www.ropepump.com/ Rope Pumps (Nicaragua)]* [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/337 Rope Pumps (Madagascar)]* RWSN: The Rope Pump Concept [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/294 English], [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/296 French], [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/336 Portuguese] ===References===
<references/>
{{Joinus}}===Acknowledgements===* [http://www.henkholtslag.nl henkholtslag.nl], [http://www.300in6.org 300in6.org], [http://www.connectinternational.nl connectinternational.nl]