Changes

Rope pump

6,235 bytes added, 21:38, 31 December 2019

→‎Origins

{{Language-box|english_link= Rope pump | french_link= Coming soon | spanish_link= Coming soon | hindi_link= Coming soon | malayalam_link= Coming soon | tamil_link= Coming soon | swahili_link=coming soon | korean_link= Coming soon | chinese_link=绳泵| indonesian_link= Coming soon | japanese_link= Coming soon }}

 

[[Image:Rope_pump_icon.png|right|80px]]

[[Image:RopePumpMozambique.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Rope pump]] on a borehole, made in a local workshop in Mozambique ]]

__NOTOC__ <small-title />

The modern Rope pump is a highly efficient and low cost pump, it can be produced with local materials and can be truly operated and maintained at a village level. The basic design has a wheel with a continuous loop of rope with pistons that fit with a small clearance in the pump pipe. The low end of this pipe is at the bottom of the well. By turning the wheel the rope passes up through the PVC pump pipe and pushes the water up. At the top end of the pump pipe, the diameter increases and the water comes out via a Tee piece.

If produced and installed well, Rope pumps prove to be sustainable and now there are somer hundred and twenty thousand 120,000 of these pumps world wide used for communal and domestic water supply, irrigation and cattle watering. Modern models can pump from wells as deep as 35 m and compared to imported hand pumps, Rope pumps are three to five times cheaper. Good quality pumps can last for 20 years or more as is proven in Nicaragua where the first improved models that were installed in 1990 are still working. Rope pumps can be powered by hand, bicycle, motor, horse, or wind power.

====Origins====

The almost intuitive design is known by many names, including the paternoster (after the beaded prayer chain it resembles), Noria pump, liberation pump or chain-and-washer pump but all have the same pump principle. Evidence of this pump principle dates back as far as two thousand years, to feudal China <ref> Fraenkel, Peter, and Thake, Jeremy.

[http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/118633 Water Lifting Devices, A handbook for users and choosers], 3rd ed. UK, Rugby: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd, 2006.</ref>. The earliest report of the design in the west is cited <ref> Olsen, J. P. [httphttps://wwwutorontopress.mlahanas.decom/Booksus/GreekRomanMechanicalWaterLiftingDevices.html greek-and-roman-mechanical-water-lifting-devices-1 Greek & Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices: The History of a Technology]. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1984. </ref> as that illustrated by the Sienese early renaissance engineer, Tacolla, circa 1433 <ref> Tacolla, Mariano. ''De Ingeineis'', Liber Primus Leonis, Liber Secundis Draconis, Addenda. c. 1433, folio 80. </ref>, a copy of which is given in the figure to the right <ref>Weisbaden, Ludwig, ed. et al. [http://digital.library.cornell.edu/k/kmoddl/pdf/037_001.pdf Facsimile of De Ingeineis], Liber Primus Leonis, Liber Secundis Draconis, Addenda [online]. Germany: Satz Und Druck, 1984. [April 2009]</ref>. In the 1970 and 80s the basic design was adapted by numerous individuals, the most prominent of which were R. van Tijen of Demotech, J. Haemhouts <ref>Sandiford, Peter, et al. [http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/116194 The Nicaraguan Rope-pump]. ''Waterlines'', January 1993, Vol. 11 (3).</ref> <ref> Lammerink, M.P. et al. [http://www.ropepumpsircwash.org/Englishresources/IRCevaluation-report-nicaraguan-experiences-rope-pump-1995final-Evaluation.pdf report EVALUATION REPORT NICARAGUAN EXPERIENCES WITH ROPE PUMP] The Netherlands: IRC, 1995. </ref> and R. Lambert <ref>Lambert, R. A. [http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/110481 How to make a rope-and-washer pump]. London: Intermediate Technology Design Group, 1990.</ref>. They applied the simple design as a tool aimed at economic and social development. They took advantage of low cost and versatile modern plastics to produce the modern rope-pump design. They applied this pump as a homemade, low lift pump. However the early models did not really take off and a successful scaling up of the Rope pump only started in 1988 in Nicaragua where the pump was technically improved by Van Hemert of the organization SNV and Alberts of Bombas de mecate. They made it into a compact metal model fit for commercial sales, produced and sold by local private companies. V. Hemert and Alberts <ref>Alberts, J. H. [http://www.ingentaconnectircwash.comorg/contentsites/itpubdefault/wtlfiles/Alberts-2004/00000022/00000003/art00009 -Rope.pdf The rope-pump - an example of technology transfer]. ''Waterlines'', January 2004, Vol. 22 (3), 22-25.</ref> Holtslag.

===Suitable conditions===

[[Image:horse rope pump.jpg|thumb|right|200px|'''Horse Rope pump''', powered by horses or donkeys. Pumps from wells to 65 m deep. Pump capacity 5 times more than a hand powered model. Used in Nicaragua. Photo: Henk Holtslag]]

A Rope pump can be used to draw water from large diameter hand dug wells of 3 meters to boreholes as small as 6 cm. One person can draw water up from 35 m deep, two persons can pump from 60 m deep (using a second crank) and if powered by an engine it can pump from 100 meters or more. A Rope pump can be driven by hand, bicycle, animals, wind or engines. If well made, a hand Rope pump delivers 35 litres / min from 10 meters depth and halve of that if the well is 20 metres deep. Rope Pumps can be [http://www.mawama.org/rope-pump/rope-pump-efficiency very efficient] but typically have an efficiencies of 65%, [http://www.mawama.org/rope-pump/rope-pump-efficiency model equations of the rope pump] confirm the best rope speed to around 1.2m/s and the piston spacing to be 1m. Hand pump models are most commonly used at depths less than 35m.

Some 70,000 Rope pumps are now in use in Nicaragua, 10,000 in countries like Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador and Bolivia. 30,000 in African countries like Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Malawi and 6000 in Cambodia and India. In total, the Rope pump is used in over 25 countries.

[[Image:Rope_pump.PNG|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump | Rope pump]], (Victory model) on a hand-dug of 20 meters deep well, made in a local workshop in northern Ghana. Photo: Netherlands Water Partnership. ]]

With deeper wells, smaller diameter pump pipes are needed, otherwise the pumping becomes too heavy. See manuals on websites of [http://wwwpractica.practicafoundation.nl/libraryorg/manualspublications/ Practica Foundation], [http://www.connectinternational.nl/english/smartmodules/smart-tec/pumps/ropepumpproduction Connect International], and [http://www.ropepumps.org ropepumps.org].<br>

Many different types of rope pump exist, powered by hand, bicycle, wind, horse, [http://www.mawama.org/rope-pump/powered-rope-pump/solar-pv-powered-rope-pump solar] etc.

Similar to piston pumps, a cement slab and a good soak away are needed to avoid splash water and recontamination of the water in the well.

* Cylinder diameter: (pump pipe) 32 mm for 1 to 10 metres deep, 25 mm for 10 to 20 metres deep and 19 mm for 20 to 35 metres deep

* Pistons: Rubber or HD PE (plastic) pistons spaced at 1 m

* Yield: (50 watt input) at a 10 m head the yield is 2 m³/hour . [http://www.mawama.org/rope-pump/rope-pump-efficiency Model equations can be found here]

* Population/field area served: Max 150 people or irrigation of 0.1 hectare

* Type of well: dug well of 3 metres to borehole of 6 to 20 cm diameter

[[Image:RopePumpMotor.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Motor Rope pump]], powered by a diesel motor, used for irrigation. Pumping from a 25m well. Photo: Netherlands Water Partnership.]]

[[Image:RopePumpZambia.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Hand Rope pump]] used for irrigation in Zambia]]

[[Image:Rope pump cross section.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Rope pump]] Cross section diagram of a rope Rope pump with a complete wheel cover, 95% of the Rope pumps have a small wheel cover to reduce cost and make maintenance easier. Also water quality of semi-covered Rope pumps is the same as completely closed Rope pumps.]] Because of its low cost, the pump is also popular for [[Self Supply|Self Supply]]. A survey among 5,025 rural families in Nicaragua indicates that an Rope pump increases family income, even if used for domestic purposes only. Families with a pump on their well earn an average US$ 220 more per year more than families who use a capped rope and a bucket on their well]]. In Nicaragua pumps are now being produced commercially by some 10 workshops.  Different models of Rope pumps were introduced in Africa. This introduction has not always been successful as described above. In Ghana, 80% of the pumps did not work after one year and in Ethiopia, Uganda and Mozambique there were similar problems with pumps being installed for large communities. However, with the "right" models, the "right" user training and willingness of users to pay for repairs, up to 90% remain in operation also in Africa, as the Victory pump model in Ghana, the Elephant model in Zimbabwe and the SHIPO Model in Tanzania and Malawi prove. In 2013, Rope pumps were used in over 30 countries. Below are the experiences in several countries.

Because ====Nicaragua====Some 70.000 rope pumps have been installed since 1988. The shift from imported piston pumps of its low cost, the pump is also popular for domestic use. A survey among 5,025 $600 to locally produced rope pumps of $100 has doubled rural families water supply in Nicaragua indicates that a rope pump increases incometen years, even if used for domestic purposes only. Families with a pump earn US$ 220 per year more much faster than families without a pumpcountries that applied imported hand Piston pumps. In Nicaragua Users do the maintenance and over 95% of the Rope pumps are now being produced commercially remain in operation. The Rope pump has been adopted as the standard water pump by 20 workshopsthe government.

Different models Some 80% of the Rope pumps were introduced in AfricaNicaragua are used for one or a few families for [[Self Supply|self supply]]. This introduction has not always been successful: The economic effect of family pumps is a total generated income of over 100 million US$ in one projects over 80% of the pumps did NOT work after one year! However, last 12 years. Families with a pump earn an average of 220 US$ more than families without a pump on their well (Investigation by CESADE/ICCO at 5015 families). The extra income is explained by the "right" models and fact that as soon as families have a pump near the "right" user traininghouse, up to 90% remain in operation in Africawomen save time, more water is used (so more hygiene) and water is used for animals, as the Victory model in Ghana garden irrigation and reducing health related costs and the Elephant model in Zimbabwe have provedgenerating extra income.

In 2008====Zimbabwe====A Rope pump model called the Elephant Pump was introduced by the organisation Pump Aid in 1990. The main difference with other Rope pump models is the solid round concrete structure around the pump, to protect the well and to avoid splashing and recontamination. Now some 3,000 pumps serve 950, rope 000 people and some 95% of the pumps are used working. Many more pumps are planned to be installed in over 30 these countriesbefore 2015 and if this can be realized, these pumps together will reach 1 million people. Below the experiences in Nicaragua, Zimbabwe and Ghana are listed.

<b>Nicaragua</b>====Ghana====Some 70The first experiences with rope pumps in Ghana were discouraging.000 rope In a World Bank funded project, 80% did not function after one year because of lack of user involvement and production errors. In the year 2000 some 200 pumps have been were installed since 1990. The shift from imported piston After 1 year 80% of these pumps were defect. Major reasons were errors in construction and installation and lack of 600$ to locally produced rope pumps funds for follow up so there was no ownership created and hence a lack of maintenance. These problems caused a bad image of 70$ has doubled rural water supply this pump type in ten years, much faster than countries that apply piston pumpsGhana and the government did not approve of this pump type. Users do In other parts of Ghana other Rope pump models were installed Like the maintenance Victoria model produced in Bolgatanga and Pumping is life model on boreholes. Better quality and good community involvement resulted in much better results and over 95% most of the new model Rope pumps are working. The Rope pumps remain in operationnorthern Ghana were among others supported by Water Aid. The rope pump has been adopted as good results of the new pumps slowly improve the image of the standard water Rope pump by the governmentin Ghana again. After improvements some 1.600 pumps were installed.

<b>Zimbabwe</b>====Ethiopia==== A rope pump model called the Elephant Pump was Rope pumps were introduced here around 2006 by the organisation Pump Practica foundation and supported by organizations like IDE, JICA and Water Aid . During several years local metal workshops have been trained in 1990production and model. The main difference with However the traditional rope pump is the solid round structure around the wheel, became so popular that untrained workshops also started to protect produce and sell the well and to avoid splashingpumps. Now some 3By 2012, there were an estimated 10,000 Rope pumps serve 950,000 people installed in but often the pump and some 95% installation was of a poor quality without a good seal resulting water to leak back in the pumps are working. Many more pumps are planned to be installed before 2015 well and if this can be realized, this will reach 3 million more peoplecausing recontamination of the water.

<b>Ghana</b> The first experiences with rope pumps in Ghana were discouraging. In 2013 the government of Ethiopia decide to make a World Bank funded project, 80% did not function after one year because of lack of user involvement long term program to improve and production errors. After improvements some 1.600 standardize the Rope pumps were installedand is doing this with funds from the Japanese aid organization JICA and technical support of the Dutch organization Meta.

<b>Malawi, Blantyre trials<====Tanzania==== Here the local organization [http://b>Several rope pumps were www.SHIPO-TZ.org SHIPO] in Njombe (South Tanzania) introduced the Rope pump in order to provide a better alternative for 2006. With support of the Afridev Community handpump, which is Dutch organization Connect International and funds from the standard handpump in Malawi. The Afridev is not popular due to many breakdowns Dutch government and not available spare partsAqua for All, especially in the more remote areasa so-called SMART Centre started. However, the rope This Centre demonstrates a range of low cost water technologies like manual drilling hand pumps also broke down many times, sometimes several times per monthwater tanks, due to the high number of users household filters etc. and trains organizations and was therefor not considered by the users as a good alternative local private sector in production, maintenance, business skills etc. The centre organizes trainings for a community pumporganizations like Winrock, although repairs were possibleMsabi and others. Another disadvantage mentionned was that children found it difficult to pump The result after 6 years is some 20 local companies trained, over 4000 SHIPO model Rope pumps installed, 800 manual drilled boreholes and sometimes got hurt when the handle security break system was not functioning (in that case the handle turns back with a high speed due cost reduction for rural water points of 40 to 15US$/person. In the weight last 2 years, out of the water in the riser pipe). The communities 4000 Rope pumps, some 30% now prefer a more reliable handpump than is sold to private families who pay for the Afridev, pump with less need for sparescash or via small loans.

<b>Mozambique</b>As in ====Malawi, the Blantyre trials====Several rope pump was seen as pumps were introduced in order to provide a viable better alternative to for the Afridev Community handpump, which is generally the official pump of choicestandard handpump in Malawi. WaterAid had first introduced a bucket and windlass system in the Niassa provice as an alternative The Afridev is not popular due to the high failure rate of Afridev pumpsmany breakdowns and not available spare parts, but especially in the Mozambican government refused to accept these as official community water suppliesmore remote areas. WaterAidHowever, in partnership with the Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation (SDC)rope pumps also broke down many times, UNICEFsometimes several times per month, CARE due to the high number of users and was therefor not considered by the Government of Mozambique, therefore began users as a lengthy process of piloting good alternative for a robust community rope pump, first relying on support from Bombas de Mecate in Nicaragua, but later adapting the design from Madagascaralthough repairs were possible. The new model meets a number of key well protection Another disadvantage mentioned was that children found it difficult to pump and water quality criteria set down by sometimes got hurt when the development team. Three manufacturers are now handle security break system was not functioning (in operation in three provinces and through that case the handle turns back with a process high speed due to the weight of skill sharing improvements have been made to the design resulting water in a robust high quality model. A manufacturing standard has also been produced with the help of SKATriser pipe). The final stages of this process are currently underway which include communities now prefer a more reliable handpump than the final approval of the pump as well as the licensing of the manufacturers by the Governments standards laboratoryAfridev, with less need for spares.

There are now more than 300 rope ====Mozambique====As in Malawi, the Rope pump was seen as a viable alternative to the Afridev which is generally the official pump of choice. WaterAid had first introduced a bucket and windlass system in the Niassa province as an alternative due to the high failure rate of Afridev pumps installed across three provinces , but the Mozambican government refused to accept these as official community water supplies. WaterAid, in partnership with the Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation (NiassaSDC), UNICEF, Cabo Delgado CARE and Zambezia)the Government of Mozambique, therefore began a lengthy process of piloting a robust community rope pump, first relying on support from Bombas de Mecate in Nicaragua, but later adapting the design from Madagascar which is a pump model with a closed wheel cover. The new model meets a number of key well protection and water quality criteria set down by the development team. Three manufacturers were in operation in Niassa particularly WaterAid funded projects continues three provinces and through a process of skill sharing improvements have been made to offer communities the design resulting in a choice of either robust high quality model. A manufacturing standard has also been produced with the Rope Pump help of the AfridevSKAT. In addition After final stages of this process there was a final approval of the installed pumps are monitored twice per year pump in order to better understand 2011 as well as the licensing of the manufacturers by the pumps sustainabilityGovernments standards laboratory.

There are now more than 300 Rope pumps installed across three provinces (Niassa, Cabo Delgado and Zambezia) and in Niassa particularly WaterAid funded projects continues to offer communities a choice of either the Rope pump of the Afridev. The pumps were monitored twice per year in order to better understand the pumps sustainability. At this moment (July 2013) The trained manufacturers are not producing anymore and most of these pumps are defect. Reasons are as mentioned before, lack of ownership and payment for repairs and technical breakdowns because the number of people using the pumps was too large. Also the complete cover of the pump complicated the repairs.

 

Another organization ADPP in Itoculo (near Nampula ) trained workshops in the production of the so called SHIPO model of which there now are 4000 in Tanzania. Some 350 of these pumps are installed on hand dug or manual drilled tube wells and some 70% are working. At this moment (July 2013) this pump model is being produced in Monapo.

 

It was not considered by the users as a good community pump, although repairs were possible. Another disadvantage mentioned was that children found it difficult to pump (caused by too large of a pump pipe diameter) and sometimes got hurt when the handle security break system was not functioning. Due to lack of quality control the pumps did not have an anti-return system. This results in the handle turning back with a high speed due to the weight of the water in the riser pipe. In 2008, over 2000 simple Pole model Rope pumps for irrigation were installed near Blantyre made by the organization DAPP.

 

In 2012, a Water training centre (SMART Centre) at the Mzuzu University introduced the SHIPO model Rope pump. This centre, supported by Connect International, is now (in 2013) training local companies in manual well drilling and Rope pumps. A focus is on quality control via certification. After initial problems, now good quality pumps are produced and some 100 installed. [https://www.facebook.com/SMART.Centre.Mzuzu/ Mzuzu Smart Centre].

Apart from this initiative, PumpAid has also been active in the Chimoio province installing Elephant Pumps which are also rope pumps.

Please see the external links below for further information.

<b>====Burkina Faso</b>====WaterAid in Burkina Faso is also currently developing a rope Rope pump model suitable to local conditions. This project has resulted in a renewed understanding across WaterAid of the need to ensure that rope Rope pumps destined for community water supplies require high quality manufacturing and installation techniques in order to improve their sustainability. WaterAid now intends to renew its efforts across the organisation organization to improving the quality of rope pumps in countries where this is supported. A training course for manufacturers from Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Zambia and Malawi was held in early 2010 as part of this process. A recent interesting development in Burkina Faso has been the redesign of the bottom guide box to include a non-return valve (foot valve) thereby ensuring that water is immediately available from the first turn of the pump handle. This is currently being piloted on a few pumps. Another organization, Winrock, started trainings in other local workshops and installed Rope pumps of the SHIPO model in communities up to 150 people in 2012 and 2013. Some 100 are installed at the end of 2013 and 98% are functioning.

A recent interesting development in Burkina Faso has been the re====Akvo RSR projects===={|style="border: 2px solid #e0e0e0; width: 20%; text-design of the align: justify; background-color: #e9f5fd;" cellpadding="2"<!--rsr logo here-->|- style="vertical-align: top"|[[Image:akvorsr logo_lite.png|center|60px|link=http://akvo.org/products/rsr/]]<!--project blocks here-->|- style="vertical-align: bottom guide box to include a non-return valve (foot valve) thereby ensuring that "|[[Image:project 1349.jpg |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1349/ RSR Project 1349]<br>Safe water is immediately available from the first turn of the pump handle<br>for Wajir</center></font>|link=http://rsr. This is currently being piloted on a few pumpsakvo.org/project/1349/]] |}

 {| style="width: 70%; text-align: justify; background-color: #f5f5f5;"|[[Image:rsr 1349.jpg|thumb|none|200px|<font size="2"br><center>Project 1349</center></font>|link=http://wandelenvoorwater2014.akvoapp.org/en/project/1349/]]|'''Akvo RSR Project:''' [http://wandelenvoorwater2014.akvoapp.org/en/project/1349/ Safe water for Wajir]WASH promotion in Makaror a suburb of Wajir Town through technical education and demonstration of WASH. Wajir is constructed on top of an ancient aquifer. Wajir has 130.000 inhabitants by 2013 and has a growth rate of 10 percent per year. Most wells have ecoli pollution. Lining wells helps. Closure and pump installation is better. Combination with Ecosan is an adequate solution.|}

===Manuals, videos and links===

* Jan Nederstigt, Arjen van der Wal. [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/Rope%20pump%20manuels/ropepump%20manual%20EN%20full.pdf Rope Pump: Low Cost Pump Series. TECHNICAL TRAINING HANDBOOK ON ROPE PUMP PRODUCTION, INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE]. Practica Foundation. August 2011 (3rd edition). French version: [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/Rope%20pump%20manuels/ropepump%20manual%20FR%20full.pdf A POMPE A CORDE: Séries de la pompe à moindre coût.]

* [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF/practica-180306-rope-pump-manual-ethiopia-march-2006-complete1.pdf Rope Pump production manual], produced by [http://www.practicafoundationpractica.nl/ org PRACTICA] and [http://www.etc-international.org/index.php?id=41ETC ETC Foundation]. It has 86 pages and contains detailed instructions.

* Construction manual [http://www.connectinternational.nl/english/smartmodules/smart-tec/pumps/ropepumpproduction SHIPO Model, Connect International].

* ERPF, K. (2006) [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/338 Installation and Maintenance Manual for Rope Pumps], Skat, Rural Water Supply Network, St Gallen, Switzerland.

*ERPF, K. (2006) Manufacturing Guidelines for the Production of Rope Pumps in Mozambique., Skat, Rural Water Supply Network, St Gallen, Switzerland [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/340 English], [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/341 Portuguese].

* RANDRIANASOLO, A. and ERPF, K. (2004) [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/337 Madagascar Rope Pump Specification. First Edition 0 - 2004], Skat, Rural Water Supply Network, St Gallen, Switzerland.

====External links====

[[Image:RopePumpvietnam.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Rope pump]] used for rice paddy irrigation in Vietnam]]

[[Image:wind rope pump.jpg|thumb|right|200px|'''Wind Rope pump Used ''' used in Nicaragua , Produced produced by AMEC]] * [http://www.ropepumps.org/ www.ropepumps.org website](English and Spanish)* [http://www.ircropepump.nlcom/page/31886 Rope pumps: out-perform conventional handpumps on most counts in Ghana testropepump.com]. Article on IRC.(Spanish)* [http://www.ircircwash.nlorg/sites/default/pagefiles/15380 Rope Sutton-2009-Transferring.pdf Transferring the rope pumpto Africa: local production A long and installation capacity being developed in Senegalwinding road?]. Article on IRC.*[http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementationsustainable-groundwater-management/handpump-overview pumps Overview of community handpumps hand pumps at the RWSN website]

* [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/289 Low-cost pump alternatives for rural communities in Honduras (rope- and EMAS pumps), SKAT website]

* [http://www.pumpaid.org/The-Elephant-Pump.shtml Pump Aid works in Malawi and Zimbambwe with the Elephant pump, a kind of rope pump.]

* [http://www.ropepump.com www.ropepump.com] * [http://www.ideas-at-work.org/IdeasRopePump.html Ideas at Work, Cambodia]

* [http://www.wateraid.org/international/what_we_do/where_we_work/mozambique/2595.asp Rope Pump - WaterAid in Mozambique]

* [http://www.appropedia.org/Rope_pump Rope pump article at Appropedia]

* [[Solution_of_the_week_7|Akvo solution of the week 7]]

* [[Solution_of_the_week_9|Akvo solution of the week 9]]

* [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/307 'Low Cost HandpumpsHand pumps' RWSN Field Note 2011-3]* [http://www.rural-water-supplyropepump.net/en/implementation/handpump-overviewcom/rope-pumps-nicaragua RWSN: Rope Pumps (Nicaragua)]* [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementationresources/handpump-overviewdetails/rope-pump-madagascar RWSN: 337 Rope Pumps (Madagascar)]

* RWSN: The Rope Pump Concept [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/294 English], [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/296 French], [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/336 Portuguese]

===References===

<references/>

 

===Acknowledgements===

* [http://www.henkholtslag.nl henkholtslag.nl], [http://www.300in6.org 300in6.org], [http://www.connectinternational.nl connectinternational.nl]

• ← Older edit

Jon

Akvopedia-spade, akvouser, bot, bureaucrat, emailconfirmed, smwadministrator, smwcurator, susana-working-group-susana-member, administrator, widget editor

697

edits