Akvopedia-spade, akvouser, bot, bureaucrat, emailconfirmed, smwadministrator, smwcurator, susana-working-group-susana-member, administrator, widget editor
697
edits
Changes
→Origins
[http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/118633 Water Lifting Devices, A handbook for users and choosers], 3rd ed. UK, Rugby: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd, 2006.</ref>. The earliest report of the design in the west is cited <ref> Olsen, J. P. [Imagehttps://utorontopress.com/us/greek-and-roman-mechanical-water-lifting-devices-1 Greek & Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices:RopePumpMozambiqueThe History of a Technology]. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1984. </ref> as that illustrated by the Sienese early renaissance engineer, Tacolla, circa 1433 <ref> Tacolla, Mariano. ''De Ingeineis'', Liber Primus Leonis, Liber Secundis Draconis, Addenda. c. 1433, folio 80.JPG|thumb|</ref>, a copy of which is given in the figure to the right|150px|<ref>Weisbaden, Ludwig, ed. et al. [http://digital.library.cornell.edu/k/kmoddl/pdf/037_001.pdf Facsimile of De Ingeineis], Liber Primus Leonis, Liber Secundis Draconis, Addenda [online]. Germany: Satz Und Druck, 1984. [April 2009]</ref>. In the 1970 and 80s the basic design was adapted by numerous individuals, the most prominent of which were R. van Tijen of Demotech, J. Haemhouts <ref>Sandiford, Peter, et al. [http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/116194 The Nicaraguan Rope -pump| Rope ]. ''Waterlines'', January 1993, Vol. 11 (3).</ref> <ref> Lammerink, M.P. et al. [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/evaluation-report-nicaraguan-experiences-rope-pump-final-report EVALUATION REPORT NICARAGUAN EXPERIENCES WITH ROPE PUMP]The Netherlands: IRC, 1995. </ref> and R. Lambert <ref>Lambert, R. A. [http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/110481 How to make a rope-and-washer pump] on . London: Intermediate Technology Design Group, 1990.</ref>. They applied the simple design as a tool aimed at economic and social development. They took advantage of low cost and versatile modern plastics to produce the modern rope-pump design. They applied this pump as a boreholehomemade, low lift pump. However the early models did not really take off and a successful scaling up of the Rope pump only started in 1988 in Nicaragua where the pump was technically improved by Van Hemert of the organization SNV and Alberts of Bombas de mecate. They made in it into a compact metal model fit for commercial sales, produced and sold by local workshop in Mozambique ]private companies. V. Hemert and Alberts <ref>Alberts, J. H. [http://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Alberts-2004-Rope.pdf The rope-pump - an example of technology transfer]. ''Waterlines'', January 2004, Vol. 22 (3), 22-25.</ref> Holtslag.
[[Image:An illustration of the basic rope-pump design in the west circa 1433.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Rope Pump]] first illustrated in the west circa 1433 <bref>Nicaragua<Weisbaden, Ludwig, ed. et al. [http://b>Some 70digital.library.cornell.000 rope-pumps have been installed since 1990edu/k/kmoddl/pdf/037_001. The shift from imported piston pumps pdf Facsimile of 600$ to locally produced rope pumps of 70$ has doubled rural water supply in ten yearsDe Ingeineis], Liber Primus Leonis, Liber Secundis Draconis, much faster than countries that apply piston pumpsAddenda [online]. Users do the maintenance and over 95% of the pumps remain in operationGermany: Satz Und Druck, 1984.[April 2009]</ref>]]
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|-! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages|-| valign="top" | - Simple, no “black box” <br> - Easy to maintain <br>- Easy to train on production, maintenance- Can be made locally by workshops <br> - Significantly (5 to 8 times) cheaper than imported piston pumps for the same depth <br> - Rotating movement, no dynamic force like in piston pumps<br> - Pump parts in the wells plastic and concrete (no corrosion) <br> - Rotating shaft, easy to power by bicycle, animals, windmills, electric motors or combustion engines <br> - Ideal to be used by one or two families in their own yard <br>- Fit for irrigation, therefore used as income generation <br>- If made well, one pump can supply up to 250 people as is the experience in Nicaragua, Tanzania, Malawi and other countries. However, suggested use is for maximum of 20 families (150 people) | valign="top" | - It is simple which is good but also leads to bad copying resulting in early break down and bad image <br>- Requires frequent maintenance like oiling the bushings, if not leads to early wearing out and breakage of pump handle <br>- A “blocking system” is needed on the handle to avoid return of the handle which can be dangerous, especially for children <br>- It cannot pump higher than the pump outlet <br>- Compared to piston pumps the Rope pump is semi-open at the top which in theory, can cause contamination of the well. (if well made this is hardly a problem in practice) <br> - The Rope pump splashes more than piston pumps. <br>- Not suitable for communities larger than 20 families.|} ===Construction, operations and maintenance===[[Image:Rope_pump_action_diagram.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Rope pump]], An illustration of the pumping action of a rope pump. However, this drawing needs adaptation. The pipe diameter at and above the Tee piece should be larger than the pump pipe. This is essential for good functioning of the pump. Now most of the water will come out at the top!]][[Image:Rope_pump.PNG|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump | Rope pump]], (Victory model) on a hand-dug of 20 meters deep well, made in a local workshop in northern Ghana. Photo: Netherlands Water Partnership. ]] With deeper wells, smaller diameter pump pipes are needed, otherwise the pumping becomes too heavy. See manuals on websites of [http://practica.org/publications/ Practica Foundation], [http://www.connectinternational.nl/english/smartmodules/smart-tec/pumps/ropepumpproduction Connect International], and [http://www.ropepumps.org ropepumps.org].<br> Many different types of rope pump exist, powered by hand, bicycle, wind, horse, [http://www.mawama.org/rope-pump/powered-rope-pump/solar-pv-powered-rope-pump solar] etc. Similar to piston pumps, a cement slab and a good soak away are needed to avoid splash water and recontamination of the water in the well. ====Design====* Pumping depth (Lift): 0 to 35 m * Cylinder diameter: (pump pipe) 32 mm for 1 to 10 metres deep, 25 mm for 10 to 20 metres deep and 19 mm for 20 to 35 metres deep* Pistons: Rubber or HD PE (plastic) pistons spaced at 1 m* Yield: (50 watt input) at a 10 m head the yield is 2 m³/hour. [http://www.mawama.org/rope-pump/rope-pump-efficiency Model equations can be found here] * Population/field area served: Max 150 people or irrigation of 0.1 hectare * Type of well: dug well of 3 metres to borehole of 6 to 20 cm diameter The Rope pump can be made in any country since the design can be adapted to the materials that are locally available. After due training it can be produced, by small or medium metal companies or blacksmiths that have a welding machine and standard hand tools. Although simple does not mean easy. It is essential to build the pump with 10 basic design rules. (See [http://www.ropepumps.org ropepumps.org] FAQs). In general, training is needed for good quality in production and, as important, good installation. The pump frame is made of galvanized pipes or mild steel. The handle is a galvanized steel pipe with metal bushings (there are also designs with ball bearings, or wooden bushings). The pulley wheel is made of the sides of a used car tire and mounted with clamps and spokes on the handle. The wheel should have a sharp 'v' shape to get a good traction on the rope. The ropes are made of Polyethylene, Polypropylene, or Polyamide fibers varying from Ø 4 to Ø 8 mm. Natural fibers are not suitable, as they will stretch when wet, and degrade too fast. The pistons are made of the side of the siude of a used car tire or injection molded HD polyethylene. The rising main are PVC pipes with wall thickness of 1.5 to 2 mm and diameters of 20 to 50 mm (depending on depth of the water level). The guide box is made of concrete (with a ceramic piece or small glass bottle as turning point), galvanized pipe or wood with a PVC turning point. ====Maintenance====One of the main strengths of the Rope pump is that maintenance and repairs are relatively simple and can easily and genuinely be done at village level by local technicians. Because of the local production, spares are available and knowledge to do repairs. The most frequent repairs consist of replacing the rope and pistons and weekly oiling of the bushings. The installation and repairs of the pump part does not require special tools, and pump pipes are very light so no need for any lifting equipment. Although easy and simple, it is important that users are instructed in why and how to maintain and repair their pump. Evaluations show that pumps (including Rope pumps) on communal wells have a tendency to fail for reasons like a lack of ownership and problems with generating funds for repairs and replacements. See example of Ghana, below. If Rope pumps are produced and installed properly (and if the users have ownership), 90% of Rope pumps remain operational, even after many years as is proven by pumps in Nicaragua, Zimbabwe Tanzania, Malawi and other countries. Compared to piston pumps the repairs of Rope pumps is simpler and cheaper, plus because of local production, spares are available. ====Other Rope pump models====Besides hand powered Rope pumps there are models powered by Pedals, Horse, Wind, Electric motor or petrol engines. Common available petrol pumps are suction pumps for shallow wells down to 7 m. deep. Deeper wells require generator pump sets or long-shaft diesel pumps costing US$ 1000 or more. Where there is electricity, submersible pumps can be used but these are relatively expensive and many small farmers do not have electricity. Motorized Rope pumps can pump from wells down to 60m <ref>[http://www.practica.org/products/pumps/motorized-rope-pump/ Information on Motorized rope pumps] from the Practica Foundation</ref> Similar to the Hand pump model, it can be produced in local workshops using engines that are common in the country. The cost of a Motor Rope pump is 600 US$. This is far cheaper than long-shaft diesel pumps or submersible pumps with the advantage that in case of emergency, the pump can be powered by hand. Similar to the hand powered model, maintenance and repairs are relatively easy. There are motorized Rope pumps in Niger, Ethiopia and Nicaragua. ===Costs===* The Hand Rope pumps cost between US$ 30-150 depending on model, location of production, and cost of materials and labour.* Cost of introduction: between US$ 10,000-30,000 per project, including 20 pumps, engineering and hands-on training.* Rural water programme: US$ 150,000-200,000 per project, including 1,000 pumps, start up of production facility and hands-on training. ===Field experiences===[[Image:RopePumpBicycle.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Pedal Rope pump]], bicycle model, produced and used in Nicaragua]][[Image:RopePumpMotor.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Motor Rope pump]], powered by a diesel motor, used for irrigation. Pumping from a 25m well. Photo: Netherlands Water Partnership.]][[Image:RopePumpZambia.jpg|thumb|right|150px200px|[[Rope pump| Hand Rope pump]] used for irrigation in Zambia]][[Image:Rope pump cross section.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Rope pump| Rope pump]] Cross section diagram of a Rope pump with a complete wheel cover, 95% of the Rope pumps have a small wheel cover to reduce cost and make maintenance easier. Also water quality of semi-covered Rope pumps is the same as completely closed Rope pumps.]] Because of its low cost, the pump is also popular for [[Self Supply|Self Supply]]. A survey among 5,025 rural families in Nicaragua indicates that an Rope pump increases family income, even if used for domestic purposes only. Families with a pump on their well earn an average US$ 220 more per year more than families who use a rope and a bucket on their well. In Nicaragua pumps are now being produced commercially by some 10 workshops. Different models of Rope pumps were introduced in Africa. This introduction has not always been successful as described above. In Ghana, 80% of the pumps did not work after one year and in Ethiopia, Uganda and Mozambique there were similar problems with pumps being installed for large communities. However, with the "right" models, the "right" user training and willingness of users to pay for repairs, up to 90% remain in operation also in Africa, as the Victory pump model in Ghana, the Elephant model in Zimbabwe and the SHIPO Model in Tanzania and Malawi prove. In 2013, Rope pumps were used in over 30 countries. Below are the experiences in several countries. ====Nicaragua====Some 70.000 rope pumps have been installed since 1988. The shift from imported piston pumps of $600 to locally produced rope pumps of $100 has doubled rural water supply in ten years, much faster than countries that applied imported hand Piston pumps. Users do the maintenance and over 95% of the Rope pumps remain in operation. The Rope pump has been adopted as the standard water pump by the government. Some 80% of the Rope pumps in Nicaragua are used for one or a few families for [[Self Supply|self supply]]. The economic effect of family pumps is a total generated income of over 100 million US$ in the last 12 years. Families with a pump earn an average of 220 US$ more than families without a pump on their well (Investigation by CESADE/ICCO at 5015 families). The extra income is explained by the fact that as soon as families have a pump near the house, women save time, more water is used (so more hygiene) and water is used for animals, garden irrigation and reducing health related costs and generating extra income. ====Zimbabwe====A Rope pump model called the Elephant Pump was introduced by the organisation Pump Aid in 1990. The main difference with other Rope pump models is the solid round concrete structure around the pump, to protect the well and to avoid splashing and recontamination. Now some 3,000 pumps serve 950,000 people and some 95% of the pumps are working. Many more pumps are planned to be installed in these countries before 2015 and if this can be realized, these pumps together will reach 1 million people. . ====Ghana====The first experiences with rope pumps in Ghana were discouraging. In a World Bank funded project, 80% did not function after one year because of lack of user involvement and production errors. In the year 2000 some 200 pumps were installed. After 1 year 80% of these pumps were defect. Major reasons were errors in construction and installation and lack of funds for follow up so there was no ownership created and hence a lack of maintenance. These problems caused a bad image of this pump type in Ghana and the government did not approve of this pump type. In other parts of Ghana other Rope pump models were installed Like the Victoria model produced in Bolgatanga and Pumping is life model on boreholes. Better quality and good community involvement resulted in much better results and most of the new model Rope pumps are working. The Rope pumps in northern Ghana were among others supported by Water Aid. The good results of the new pumps slowly improve the image of the Rope pump in Ghana again. After improvements some 1.600 pumps were installed.
====Ethiopia====
Rope pumps were introduced here around 2006 by the Practica foundation and supported by organizations like IDE, JICA and Water Aid. During several years local metal workshops have been trained in production and model. However the pump became so popular that untrained workshops also started to produce and sell the pumps. By 2012, there were an estimated 10,000 Rope pumps installed in but often the pump and installation was of a poor quality without a good seal resulting water to leak back in the well and causing recontamination of the water.
====Tanzania==== Here the local organization [[Imagehttp:RopePumpBicycle//www.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[SHIPO-TZ.org SHIPO] in Njombe (South Tanzania) introduced the Rope pump| Rope pump]]in 2006. With support of the Dutch organization Connect International and funds from the Dutch government and Aqua for All, a so-called SMART Centre started. This Centre demonstrates a range of low cost water technologies like manual drilling hand pumps, water tanks, household filters etc. and trains organizations and the local private sector in production, maintenance, business skills etc. The centre organizes trainings for organizations like Winrock, Msabi and others. The result after 6 years is some 20 local companies trained, bicycle over 4000 SHIPO modelRope pumps installed, produced 800 manual drilled boreholes and used in Nicaragua]]cost reduction for rural water points of 40 to 15US$/person. In the last 2 years, out of the 4000 Rope pumps, some 30% now is sold to private families who pay for the pump with cash or via small loans.
|}
<br> == Capacity =Manuals, videos and links=======Manuals====* Jan Nederstigt, Arjen van der Wal. [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/Rope%20pump%20manuels/ropepump%20manual%20EN%20full.pdf Rope Pump: Low Cost Pump Series. TECHNICAL TRAINING HANDBOOK ON ROPE PUMP PRODUCTION, INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE]. Practica Foundation. August 2011 (3rd edition). French version: [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/Rope%20pump%20manuels/ropepump%20manual%20FR%20full.pdf A POMPE A CORDE: Séries de la pompe à moindre coût.]
* US$ 30ERPF, K. (2006) [http://www.rural-150 depending on model and cost of materials water-supply.net/en/resources/details/338 Installation and labourMaintenance Manual for Rope Pumps], Skat, Rural Water Supply Network, St Gallen, Switzerland.
* RANDRIANASOLO, A. and ERPF, K. (2004) [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/337 Madagascar Rope Pump Specification. First Edition 0 - 2004], Skat, Rural Water Supply Network, St Gallen, Switzerland. * RWSN (2006) [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/339 Maintenance Card for Rope Pump], Skat, Rural Water Supply Network, St Gallen, Switzerland. ====Videos==== {|style="border: 1px #176fb7; background-color: #efefef" align= "none" cellpadding="5"|<font size="3"> Visit our page of more than 15 [[Rope pump construction manual ==videos]]</font>|}
== Movies =References=* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-o9jzEcu57A Rope pumps around the world (Connect International, Netherlands, 2008)]* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06JoZlo77gk Small scale irrigation with a rope pump, Zambia (Connect International, Netherlands, 2008)]* [http:<references//www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvHtqsUIoDs Hand drilled borehole and rope pump in Tanzania (Connect International, Netherlands, 2008)]* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1qIdvH1bvM Windmill powered rope pump in Nicaragua (S.J. Batchelor, 1999)]* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9wWLuX8pmNA Rope Pump animation (Resource Development International Cambodia, RDI)]* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3TWWhIRLgc&feature=related Water quality and rope pumps in Cambodia part 1 (RDI-Cambodia)]* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbLic5qCSTQ&feature=related Water quality and rope pumps in Cambodia part 2 (RDI-Cambodia)]>
== External links =Acknowledgements===* Evaluations [http://www.irchenkholtslag.nl www.irchenkholtslag.nl ]* Africa , [http://www.pumpaid300in6.org www.pumpaid300in6.org ]* General info , [http://www.ropepumpconnectinternational.com wwwnl connectinternational.ropepump.com] * How to build [http://www.ropepumps.org www.ropepumps.org]* Cambodia http://www.ideas-at-work.org/IdeasRopePump.html* [http://www.demotech.org/d-design/designA.php?d=43 Rope Pump info at Demotechnl]