[[Image:carelogo.png|thumb|right|150px|This section is based on a desk study written by [http://www.linkedin.com/pub/eric-fewster/4/333/a90 Eric Fewster], commissioned by [http://www.carenederland.org/ CARE Netherlands ] and the [http://www.rodekruis.nl/paginas/home.aspx Netherlands Red Cross]]]
Resilient WASH systems need to be able to cope with changes in the availability of water. This section explores what what which techniques can be used to improve water availability over space and time in areas not only prone to drought and changing climate variability, but also those areas with deteriorating water availability due to increasing water demands and human influences. This section focuses The focus is on water supply and non-motorized irrigation in rural areas for populations of up to 5,000 people. Resilience is a concept used to describe how to make water systems more robust in terms of water availability, thereby reducing the vulnerability of people that rely on them.
Both technical '''====Main content====*[[Impact of drought on WASH systems]] - Includes world maps on the locations of water stress, scarcity, and historical drought.*[[Drought and links to other disasters]] - How drought is linked to other major disasters such as poverty, inequality, and''' conflict.*[[Drought resilience - General issues|Drought resilience, non-technical components are important in discussing how solutions]] - Non-technical ways to make water systems more resilient. In many cases, it is not technical issues which cause projects to become unsustainable, but non-technical issues such as managementfinancial, institutional, environmental and social relationships and community dynamicsmeasures.The technical measures can be divided in three types:* [[Increasing availability of water over spaceDrought resilience - Technical solutions|Improving the availability of water over spaceDrought resilience, technical solutions]] (- Technical solutions to make water systems more points of water in an area means better access for people and livestock)resilient.* Improving the availability [[Drought cycle management]] - Four stages of water over time (more water available to span increasing length of dry seasonsdrought management: normal, oralert, relevant to agricultureemergency, short dry spells)recovery.* Improving techniques that influence water demand, such as water[[Framework for evaluation of projects in drought-saving technologies and irrigation practices, reprone areas]] -use techniques and drought-resistant cropsa set of questions to help evaluate projects.
Both technical '''and''' non-technical components are important in discussing how to make water systems resilient. In many cases, it is not technical issues which cause projects to become unsustainable, but non-technical issues such as management, social relationships and community dynamics. A useful model to use is the [[FIETS sustainability principles| FIETS model]], which covers five dimensions of sustainability: Financial, Institutional, Environmental, Technical, and Social.
====Technical measures====
The technical measures to consider while planning a project can be divided into three types:
* [[Increasing availability of water over space|Improving the availability of water over space]] (more points of water increase access for people and livestock).
* [[Increasing availability of water over time|Improving the availability of water over time]] (more water available to last the entire dry season, or with agriculture, short dry spells).
* Improving techniques that influence water demand, such as water-saving technologies, irrigation practices, re-use techniques and drought-resistant crops.
====Non-technical measures====
* Financial & economic solutions - e.g. availability of micro-finance to users to replicate technology
* Institutional solutions - e.g. establishment of effective water user associations to manage communal facilities
* Environmental solutions - e.g. siting of seasonal water points in relation to pasture availability in pastoral areas
* Social solutions - e.g. changing behavior in water use, use of communal sources, etc.
==Non__NOTOC__ <small-technical measures==title />