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Natural ground catchment and Open water reservoir

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→‎Field experiences

'''Private ownership and De-silting'''<br>

Experience in India seems to support this where the farmer providing the land for the johad (pond) would be the prime beneficiary, of the recharged water on adjacent land, but where the community also benefited. Experience from Somaliland showed an example of a successful balli which was privately owned where the owner sold water to the community – while this might at first seem exploitative, it was one of the ballis that continued to function every year. Experience from Bolivia backs this up, where farm ponds constructed for communal use often encountered problems of ownership and maintenance, whereas individually owned ponds proved a better option. In Zimbabwe, communities using dams commented that it was difficult for even committed members of the community to work on maintenance tasks as there was little return for work that benefited everyone.

 

Example from Kitui District in 1979 showed that 43 out of 59 open dams were silted up or broken.

==Reference manuals, videos, and links==

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