<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->box|english_link=Motorized_Emptying_and_Transport|french_link=Vidange_et_Transport_motorisés|spanish_link=Vaciado_y_Transporte_Motorizado|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}
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sys1=[[Single Pit System |1]]|sys2=[[ Blackwater Treatment Waterless System with InfiltrationUrine Diversion|54 ]]|sys3=[[ Blackwater Treatment Biogas System with Sewerage|65]]|sys4=[[ Sewerage Blackwater Treatment System with Urine DiversionInfiltration|86]]|sys5=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Effluent Transport|7]]|sys6=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|9]]|
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pic=Motorized_emtying_and_transport.png|
ApplHousehold=XX|
ManShared=X|
ManPublic=XX|
Input1=Faecal Sludge|Input2=Urine |Input3=Blackwater| Input4= Effluent |Input5=Stored Urine|Output1= Faecal Sludge |Output2= Urine | Output3= Blackwater | Output4= Effluent | Output5=|english_link=Motorized_Emptying_and_Transport|french_link=Vidange_et_Transport_motorisés|spanish_link=Vaciado_y_Transporte_MotorizadoStored Urine
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<br>----<br> [[Image:Icon_motorized_emptying_and_transport.png |right|95px80px]] '''Motorized Emptying emptying and Transport transport refers to a vacuum truck or another vehicle equipped with a motorized pump and a storage tank for emptying and transporting faecal sludge, septage and urine. Humans are required to operate the pump and manoeuvre the hose, but they do sludge is not lift manually lifted or transport the sludgetransported.''' A truck is fitted with a pump which is connected to a hose that is lowered down into a tank (e.g., [[Septic Tank | Septic Tank]], S.9) or pit, and the sludge is pumped up into the holding tank on the vehicle. This type of design is often referred to as a vacuum truck. Alternative motorized vehicles or machines have been developed for densely populated areas with limited access. Designs such as the Vacutug, Dung Beetle, Molsta or Kedoteng carry a small sludge tank and a pump and can negotiate narrow pathways.
The pump is connected to a hose that is lowered down into a constructed tank (e.g. septic tank or aquaprivy) or pit===Design Considerations=== Generally, and the sludge is pumped up into the holding tank on the truck. Generally the storage capacity of a vacuum tanker truck is between 3,000 and 1012 m3. Local trucks are commonly adapted for sludge transport by equipping them with holding tanks and pumps. Modified pick-ups and tractor trailers can transport around 1.5 m3,000Lbut capacities vary. Smaller vehicles for densely populated areas have capacities of 500 to 800 L. Multiple truckloads may be required These vehicles use, for large septic tanksexample, two-wheel tractor or motorcycle based drives and can reach speeds of up to 12 km/h.
Both Pumps can usually only suck down to a depth of 2 to 3 m (depending on the agencies responsible for sewerage and private entrepreneurs may operate vacuum trucks, although strength of the price pump) and level must belocated within 30 m of service may vary significantlythe pit. Some public operators may not service informal settlementsIn general, whereas some private operators may offer a reduced price, but can only afford to do so if they do not empty the sludge at a certified facility. The cost of hiring a closer the vacuum truck pump can sometimes be to the pit, the most expensive part of operating a sanitation system for some homeownerseasier it is to empty.
====Vacutug====The UN-HABITAT Vacutug Project was conceived in 1995 with the goal of developing ‘fully sustainable system for emptying pit latrines in unplanned, periurban peri-urban areas and refugee camps in the developing countries’. The Vacutug consists of a 500 litre steel vacuum tank connected to vacuum pump which is connected to a gasoline engine that has the capacity to remove sludge (or urine) at 1,700 litres a minute. On level ground, the vehicle is capable of around 5km/h. The waste sludge can be discharged under gravity or by slight pressurization from the pump. Recent results indicate that under certain circumstances (constant number of pits, transfer station, short transfer distance, etc.) the Vacutug can be sustainable and cover its operating and maintenance costs.
A manually operated version of the Vacutug is the [[Human-Powered Emptying and Transport#MAPET|MAPET]].
<br>{{procontable | pro=- Fast, hygienic and generally efficient. effective sludge removal <br>- Efficient transport possible with large vacuum trucks <br> - Potential for local job creation and income generation. <br> - Provides an essential service to unsewered areas. | con=- Cannot pump thick , dried sludge (must be manually removed or thinned with wateror manually removed). <br> - Garbage in pits may block hose. <br> - Cannot completely empty deep pits due to limited suction lift <br>- Very high capital costs; variable operating costs depending on use and maintenance. <br> - Pumps can usually only suck down to Hiring a depth of 2 to 3m and the pump must vacuum truck may be located within 30m of the pit. unaffordable for poor households <br> - Not all parts and materials may be locally available locally. <br> - May have difficulties with access.
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==Adequacy=Appropriateness=== Depending on the Collection and Storage technology, the sludge can be so dense that it cannot be easily pumped. In these situations it is necessary to thin the solids with water so that they flow more easily, but this may be inefficient and costly. Garbage and sand make emptying much more difficult and clog the pipe or pump. Multiple truckloads may be required for large Septic Tanks.
Although smaller more mobile vehicles have been developed, large vacuum trucks remain the norm for municipalities and sanitation authorities. Unfortunately, large trucks cannot access all pits/septic tanks especially in areas with narrow or non-driveable drivable roads, they remain the norm for municipalities and sanitation authorities. Also, vacuum These trucks can rarely make trips to peri-urban or rural remote areas (e.g., in the periphery of a city) since the income generated from emptying, may not offset the cost of fuel and time. Therefore, the treatment site must be within reach from the serviced areas. [[Transfer Station - Underground Holding Tank | Transfer Stations]] (C.7) and adequate treatment are also crucial for service providers using small-scale motorized equipment. Field experiences have shown that the existing designs for dense urban areas are limited in terms of their emptying effectiveness and travel speed, and their ability to negotiate slopes, poor roads and very narrow lanes. Moreover, demand and market constraints have prevented them from becoming commercially viable.
Depending on the collection or treatment technologyUnder favourable circumstances, small vehicles like the material that needs Vacutug are able to be pumped can be so dense that it cannot be pumped easily. In these situations it is necessary to thin recover the solids with water so that they flow more easily, but this may be inefficient operating and costlymaintenance costs. If water is not availableHowever, it may be necessary for the waste capital costs are still too high to be manually removedsustainably run a profitable business. In general, the closer Both the sanitation authority and private entrepreneurs may operate vacuum can be to the pittrucks, although the easier it is to empty. The critical velocity of the sludge required for pumping is dependent on the distance from, price and strength level ofservice may vary significantly. Private operators may charge less than public ones, but may only afford to do so if they do not discharge the vacuum pump; sludge is extremely site specificat a certified facility. Garbage Private and sand also makes emptying municipal service providers should work together to cover the pit much more difficultwhole faecal sludgemanagement chain.
===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== The use of a vacuum truck presents a significant health improvement over manual emptying and helps to maintain the Collection and Storage technology. Still, truck operators are not always accepted by the community and may face difficulties with finding appropriate locations to dump the collected sludge.
The use of ===Operation & Maintenance=== Most pump trucks are manufactured in North America, Asia or Europe. Thus, in some regions it is difficult to locate spare parts and a vacuum tanker for emptying a pit latrine mechanic to repair broken pumps or [[Septic Tank]] presents two health improvements: (1) emptying maintains trucks. New trucks are very expensive and sometimes difficult to obtain. Therefore, older trucks are often used, but the savings are offset by the Collection resulting high maintenance and Storage/Treatment technology and reduces the risk fuelcosts that can account for more than two thirds of overflows and (2) the use of total costs incurred by a tanker reduces truck operator. Truck owners must be conscientious to save money for the need for manual emptyingpurchase of expensive replacement parts, which is quite unsafe tires and unhygienicequipment. Still, those who operate vacuum trucks may be demonized by The lack of preventive maintenance is often the community and may face difficulties with finding appropriate locations cause for major repairs. The addition of chemical additives for desludging is not recommended because they tend to dump and treat corrode the collected sludgetank.
==Maintenance=References===* Boesch, A. and Schertenleib, R. (1985). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3091 Emptying on-Site Excreta Disposal Systems. Field Tests with Mechanized Equipment in Gaborone (Botswana)]. International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal, Dübendorf, CH. (Comprehensive summary of technical components, performance with different sludge types, and maintenance)
Maintenance is a crucial part of vacuum truck operation* Chowdhry, S. Trucks are not usually brand new and they often require constant attention to prevent breakdownsKoné, D. The lack of preventive maintenance is often the cause for major repairs(2012). Most pump trucks are manufactured in North America or Europe[https://www. As such, it is difficult to locate spare truck parts and a local mechanic to repair broken pumps and truckssusana. New trucks are difficult to obtain, very expensive org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and thus rarely purchased. Local trucks are commonly adapted to serve as vacuum trucks by equipping them with holding tanks -publications/library/details/1662 Business Analysis of Fecal Sludge Management: Emptying and vacuums. Maintenance accounts for at least one quarter of the costs incurred by the operator of a vacuum truck. Fuel Transportation Services in Africa and oil account for another quarter of the total operating costsAsia]. Owners/operators must be conscientious to save money for the purchase of expensive replacement partsBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, tires and equipmentSeattle, whose replacement could be essential to the working of the vacuum truckUS.
==Acknowledgements=={{* O’Riordan, M. (2009). [https:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}//www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/1424 Investigation into Methods of Pit Latrine Emptying. Management of Sludge Accumulation in VIP Latrines]. WRC Project 1745, Water Research Commission, Pretoria, ZA. (Includes a detailed analysis of field experiences with the Vacutug)
==References * Strande, L., Ronteltap, M. and external links==Brdjanovic, D. (Eds.) (2014). Faecal Sludge Management. Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation (book). IWA Publishing, London, UK.
* Brikké, F. and Bredero, M. (2003). Linking technology choice with operation and maintenance in the context of community water supply and sanitation: A reference document for planners and project staff. WHO and IRC Water and Sanitation Centre, Geneva. Available: http://www.who.int (Chapter 8 provides an assessment of vacuum emptying.) * Boesch, A. and Schertenleib, R. (1985). Pit Emptying On- Site Excreta Disposal Systems. Field Tests with Mechanized Equipment in Gaborone (Botswana). IRCWD, Switzerland. Available: www.sandec.ch (Comprehensive summary of technical components, performance with different sludge types, and maintenance.)===Acknowledgements===* Issaias, I. (2007). UN-HABITAT Vacutug Development Project{{: Technical report of field trials 2003–2006. Water, Acknowledgements Sanitation and Infrastructure Branch, UN-HABITAT, Nairobi, Kenya.}}