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sys1=[[Single Pit System |1]]|sys2=[[ Blackwater Treatment Waterless System with InfiltrationUrine Diversion|54 ]]|sys3=[[ Blackwater Treatment Biogas System with Sewerage|65]]|sys4=[[ Sewerage Blackwater Treatment System with Urine DiversionInfiltration|86]]|sys5=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Effluent Transport|7]]|sys6=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|9]]|
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sys9=|
pic=Motorized_emtying_and_transport.png|
ApplHousehold=XX|
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Input1=Faecal Sludge|Input2=Urine |Input3=Blackwater| Input4= Effluent |Input5=Stored Urine|Output1= Faecal Sludge |Output2= Urine | Output3= Blackwater | Output4= Effluent | Output5=|english_link=Motorized_Emptying_and_Transport|french_link=Vidange_et_Transport_motorisés|spanish_link=Vaciado_y_Transporte_MotorizadoStored Urine
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[[Image:Icon_motorized_emptying_and_transport.png |right|80px]]
Pumps can usually only suck down to a depth of 2 to 3 m (depending on the strength of the pump) and must belocated within 30 m of the pit. In general, the closer the vacuum pump can be to the pit, the easier it is to empty. ====Vacutug====The UN-HABITAT Vacutug Project was conceived in 1995 with the goal of developing ‘fully sustainable system for emptying pit latrines in unplanned, periurban peri-urban areas and refugee camps in the developing countries’. The Vacutug consists of a 500 litre steel vacuum tank connected to vacuum pump which is connected to a gasoline engine that has the capacity to remove sludge (or urine) at 1,700 litres a minute. On level ground, the vehicle is capable of around 5km/h. The waste sludge can be discharged under gravity or by slight pressurization from the pump. Recent results indicate that under certain circumstances (constant number of pits, transfer station, short transfer distance, etc.) the Vacutug can be sustainable and cover its operating and maintenance costs.
A manually operated version of the Vacutug is the [[Human-Powered Emptying and Transport#MAPET|MAPET]].
<br>{{procontable | pro=- Fast, hygienic and generally efficient. effective sludge removal <br>- Efficient transport possible with large vacuum trucks <br> - Potential for local job creation and income generation. <br> - Provides an essential service to unsewered areas. | con=- Cannot pump thick , dried sludge (must be manually removed or thinned with wateror manually removed). <br> - Garbage in pits may block hose. <br> - Cannot completely empty deep pits due to limited suction lift <br>- Very high capital costs; variable operating costs depending on use and maintenance. <br> - Pumps can usually only suck down to Hiring a depth of 2 to 3m and the pump must vacuum truck may be located within 30m of the pit. unaffordable for poor households <br> - Not all parts and materials may be locally available locally. <br> - May have difficulties with access.
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===AdequacyAppropriateness=== Although smaller more mobile vehicles have been developed, large vacuum trucks remain the norm for municipalities and sanitation authorities. Unfortunately, large trucks cannot access all pits/septic tanks especially in areas with narrow or non-driveable roads. Also, vacuum trucks can rarely make trips to peri-urban or rural areas since the income generated from emptying, may not offset the cost of fuel and time. Depending on the collection or treatment Collection and Storage technology, the material that needs to be pumped sludge can be so dense that it cannot be easily pumped easily. In these situations it is necessary to thin the solids with water so that they flow more easily, but this may be inefficient and costly. If water is not available, it may be necessary for the waste to be manually removed. In general, the closer the vacuum can be to the pit, the easier it is to empty. The critical velocity of the sludge required for pumping is dependent on the distance from, and strength of, the vacuum pump; sludge is extremely site specific. Garbage and sand also makes make emptying the pit much more difficultand clog the pipe or pump. Multiple truckloads may be required for large Septic Tanks.
===MaintenanceHealth Aspects/Acceptance===The use of a vacuum truck presents a significant health improvement over manual emptying and helps to maintain the Collection and Storage technology. Still, truck operators are not always accepted by the community and may face difficulties with finding appropriate locations to dump the collected sludge.
===Operation & Maintenance is a crucial part of vacuum truck operation. Trucks are not usually brand new and they often require constant attention to prevent breakdowns. The lack of preventive maintenance is often the cause for major repairs. === Most pump trucks are manufactured in North America , Asia or Europe. As suchThus, in some regions it is difficult to locate spare truck parts and a local mechanic to repair broken pumps and or trucks. New trucks are very expensive and sometimes difficult to obtain. Therefore, very expensive and thus rarely purchased. Local older trucks are commonly adapted to serve as vacuum trucks often used, but the savings are offset by equipping them with holding tanks the resulting high maintenance and vacuums. Maintenance accounts fuelcosts that can account for at least one quarter more than two thirds of the total costs incurred by the operator of a vacuum truckoperator. Fuel and oil account for another quarter of the total operating costs. Owners/operators Truck owners must be conscientious to save money for the purchase of expensive replacement parts, tires and equipment, whose replacement could be essential to . The lack of preventive maintenance is often the working cause for major repairs. The addition of chemical additives for desludging is not recommended because they tend to corrode the vacuum trucksludge tank.
===References===
* Boesch, A. and Schertenleib, R. (1985). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3091 Emptying on-Site Excreta Disposal Systems. Field Tests with Mechanized Equipment in Gaborone (Botswana)]. International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal, Dübendorf, CH. (Comprehensive summary of technical components, performance with different sludge types, and maintenance)
* BrikkéChowdhry, FS. and BrederoKoné, MD. (20032012). Linking technology choice with operation and maintenance in the context of community water supply and sanitation: A reference document for planners and project staff. WHO and IRC Water and Sanitation Centre, Geneva. Available: http[https://www.whosusana.int (Chapter 8 provides an assessment org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/1662 Business Analysis of vacuum emptyingFecal Sludge Management: Emptying and Transportation Services in Africa and Asia]. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, US.)
* BoeschO’Riordan, A. and Schertenleib, RM. (19852009). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/1424 Investigation into Methods of Pit Latrine Emptying On- Site Excreta Disposal Systems. Field Tests with Mechanized Equipment Management of Sludge Accumulation in Gaborone (Botswana)VIP Latrines]. IRCWDWRC Project 1745, SwitzerlandWater Research Commission, Pretoria, ZA. Available: www.sandec.ch (Comprehensive summary Includes a detailed analysis of technical components, performance field experiences with different sludge types, and maintenance.the Vacutug)
* IssaiasStrande, IL. , Ronteltap, M. and Brdjanovic, D. (Eds.) (20072014). UN-HABITAT Vacutug Development Project: Technical report of field trials 2003–2006Faecal Sludge Management. Water, Sanitation Systems Approach for Implementation and Infrastructure Branch, UN-HABITATOperation (book). IWA Publishing, NairobiLondon, KenyaUK.
===Acknowledgements===
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}