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Motorized Emptying and Transport

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sys1=[[Single Pit System |1]]|sys2=[[ Blackwater Treatment Waterless System with InfiltrationUrine Diversion|54 ]]|sys3=[[ Blackwater Treatment Biogas System with Sewerage|65]]|sys4=[[ Sewerage Blackwater Treatment System with Urine DiversionInfiltration|86]]|sys5=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Effluent Transport|7]]sys6=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|9]]|

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ManShared=X|

ManPublic=XX|

Input1=Faecal Sludge|Input2=Urine |Input3=Blackwater| Input4= Effluent |Input5=Stored Urine|Output1= Faecal Sludge |Output2= Urine | Output3= Blackwater | Output4= Effluent | Output5=Stored Urine

|english_link=Motorized_Emptying_and_Transport

|french_link=Vidange_et_Transport_motorisés

[[Image:Icon_motorized_emptying_and_transport.png |right|80px]]

'''Motorized Emptying and Transport refers to a vacuum truck or another vehicle equipped with a motorized pump and a storage tank for emptying and transporting faecal sludge, septage and urine. Humans are required to operate the pump and manoeuvre the hose, but they do not lift or transport the sludge.'''

The pump is connected '''Motorized emptying and transport refers to a hose that is lowered down into vehicle equipped with a motorized pump and a constructed storage tank (e.g. septic tank or aquaprivy) or pit, for emptying and the transporting faecal sludge is pumped up into the holding tank on the truckand urine. Generally Humans are required to operate the storage capacity of a vacuum tanker is between 3,000 pump and 10manoeuvre the hose,000L. Multiple truckloads may be required for large septic tanksbut sludge is not manually lifted or transported.'''

Both the agencies responsible for sewerage and private entrepreneurs may operate vacuum trucksA truck is fitted with a pump which is connected to a hose that is lowered down into a tank (e.g., Septic Tank, although the price and level of service may vary significantlyS. Some public operators may not service informal settlements9) or pit, whereas some private operators may offer a reduced price, but can only afford to do so if they do not empty and the sludge at a certified facilityis pumped up into the holding tank on the vehicle. The cost This type of hiring design is often referred to as a vacuum truck can sometimes be . Alternative motorized vehicles or machines have been developed for densely populated areas with limited access. Designs such as the most expensive part of operating Vacutug, Dung Beetle, Molsta or Kedoteng carry a small sludge tank and a sanitation system for some homeownerspump and can negotiate narrow pathways.

===Design Considerations=== Generally, the storage capacity of a vacuum truck is between 3 and 12 m3. Local trucks are commonly adapted for sludge transport by equipping them with holding tanks and pumps. Modified pick-ups and tractor trailers can transport around 1.5 m3, but capacities vary. Smaller vehicles for densely populated areas have capacities of 500 to 800 L. These vehicles use, for example, two-wheel tractor or motorcycle based drives and can reach speeds of up to 12 km/h. Pumps can usually only suck down to a depth of 2 to 3 m (depending on the strength of the pump) and must belocated within 30 m of the pit. In general, the closer the vacuum pump can be to the pit, the easier it is to empty. ====Vacutug====

The UN-HABITAT Vacutug Project was conceived in 1995 with the goal of developing ‘fully sustainable system for emptying pit latrines in unplanned, periurban areas and refugee camps in the developing countries’. The Vacutug consists of a 500 litre steel vacuum tank connected to vacuum pump which is connected to a gasoline engine that has the capacity to remove sludge (or urine) at 1,700 litres a minute. On level ground, the vehicle is capable of around 5km/h. The waste sludge can be discharged under gravity or by slight pressurization from the pump. Recent results indicate that under certain circumstances (constant number of pits, transfer station, short transfer distance, etc.) the Vacutug can be sustainable and cover its operating and maintenance costs.

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{{procontable | pro=- Fast, hygienic and generally efficient. effective sludge removal <br>- Efficient transport possible with large vacuum trucks <br> - Potential for local job creation and income generation. <br> - Provides an essential service to unsewered areas. | con=- Cannot pump thick , dried sludge (must be manually removed or thinned with wateror manually removed). <br> - Garbage in pits may block hose. <br> - Cannot completely empty deep pits due to limited suction lift <br>- Very high capital costs; variable operating costs depending on use and maintenance. <br> - Pumps can usually only suck down to Hiring a depth of 2 to 3m and the pump must vacuum truck may be located within 30m of the pit. unaffordable for poor households <br> - Not all parts and materials may be locally available locally. <br> - May have difficulties with access.

}}

===AdequacyAppropriateness===Depending on the Collection and Storage technology, the sludge can be so dense that it cannot be easily pumped. In these situations it is necessary to thin the solids with water so that they flow more easily, but this may be inefficient and costly. Garbage and sand make emptying much more difficult and clog the pipe or pump. Multiple truckloads may be required for large Septic Tanks.

Although smaller more mobile vehicles have been developed, large vacuum trucks remain the norm for municipalities and sanitation authorities. Unfortunately, large trucks cannot access all pits/septic tanks especially in areas with narrow or non-driveable roads, they remain the norm for municipalities and sanitation authorities. Also, vacuum These trucks can rarely make trips to peri-urban or rural remote areas (e.g., in the periphery of a city) since the income generated from emptying, may not offset the cost of fuel and time. Therefore, the treatment site must be within reach from the serviced areas. Transfer Stations (C.7) and adequate treatment are also crucial for service providers using small-scale motorized equipment. Field experiences have shown that the existing designs for dense urban areas are limited in terms of their emptying effectiveness and travel speed, and their ability to negotiate slopes, poor roads and very narrow lanes. Moreover, demand and market constraints have prevented them from becoming commercially viable.

Depending on the collection or treatment technologyUnder favourable circumstances, small vehicles like the material that needs Vacutug are able to be pumped can be so dense that it cannot be pumped easily. In these situations it is necessary to thin recover the solids with water so that they flow more easily, but this may be inefficient operating and costlymaintenance costs. If water is not availableHowever, it may be necessary for the waste capital costs are still too high to be manually removedsustainably run a profitable business. In general, the closer Both the sanitation authority and private entrepreneurs may operate vacuum can be to the pittrucks, although the easier it is to empty. The critical velocity of the sludge required for pumping is dependent on the distance from, price and strength level ofservice may vary significantly. Private operators may charge less than public ones, but may only afford to do so if they do not discharge the vacuum pump; sludge is extremely site specificat a certified facility. Garbage Private and sand also makes emptying municipal service providers should work together to cover the pit much more difficultwhole faecal sludgemanagement chain.

===Health Aspects/Acceptance===The use of a vacuum truck presents a significant health improvement over manual emptying and helps to maintain the Collection and Storage technology. Still, truck operators are not always accepted by the community and may face difficulties with finding appropriate locations to dump the collected sludge.

The use of ===Operation & Maintenance=== Most pump trucks are manufactured in North America, Asia or Europe. Thus, in some regions it is difficult to locate spare parts and a vacuum tanker for emptying a pit latrine mechanic to repair broken pumps or [[Septic Tank]] presents two health improvements: (1) emptying maintains trucks. New trucks are very expensive and sometimes difficult to obtain. Therefore, older trucks are often used, but the savings are offset by the Collection resulting high maintenance and Storage/Treatment technology and reduces the risk fuelcosts that can account for more than two thirds of overflows and (2) the use of total costs incurred by a tanker reduces truck operator. Truck owners must be conscientious to save money for the need for manual emptyingpurchase of expensive replacement parts, which is quite unsafe tires and unhygienicequipment. Still, those who operate vacuum trucks may be demonized by The lack of preventive maintenance is often the community and may face difficulties with finding appropriate locations cause for major repairs. The addition of chemical additives for desludging is not recommended because they tend to dump and treat corrode the collected sludgetank.

===MaintenanceReferences===

Maintenance is a crucial part of vacuum truck operation* Boesch, A. Trucks are not usually brand new and they often require constant attention to prevent breakdownsSchertenleib, R. The lack of preventive maintenance is often the cause for major repairs(1985). Pit Emptying on-Site Excreta Disposal Systems. Most pump trucks are manufactured Field Tests with MechanizedEquipment in North America or EuropeGaborone (Botswana). As suchInternational Reference Centre for Waste Disposal, it is difficult to locate spare truck parts and a local mechanic to repair broken pumps and trucks. New trucks are difficult to obtainDübendorf, very expensive and thus rarely purchasedCH. Local trucks are commonly adapted to serve as vacuum trucks by equipping them with holding tanks and vacuums:Available at: [http://www. Maintenance accounts for at least one quarter of the costs incurred by the operator of a vacuum trucksandec. Fuel and oil account for another quarter of the total operating costsch sandec. Owners/operators must be conscientious to save money for the purchase ch] (Comprehensive summary of expensive replacement partstechnical components, performance with different sludge types, tires and equipment, whose replacement could be essential to the working of the vacuum truck. ===References===maintenance)

* BrikkéChowdhry, FS. and BrederoKoné, MD. (20032012). Linking technology choice with operation Business Analysis of Fecal Sludge Management: Emptying and maintenance TransportationServices in the context of community water supply Africa and sanitation: A reference document for planners and project staffAsia. WHO and IRC Water and Sanitation CentreBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, GenevaUS. :Availableat: [http://www.whosusana.int (Chapter 8 provides an assessment of vacuum emptyingorg/library susana.)org/library]

* BoeschO’Riordan, A. and Schertenleib, RM. (19852009). Investigation into Methods of Pit Latrine Emptying On- Site Excreta Disposal Systems. Field Tests with Mechanized Equipment Management of Sludge Accumulation in Gaborone (Botswana)VIPLatrines. IRCWDWRC Project 1745, SwitzerlandWater Research Commission, Pretoria, ZA. :Availableat: [http: //www.sandecsusana.ch org/library susana.org/library] (Comprehensive summary Includes a detailed analysis of technical components, performance field experiences with different sludge types, and maintenance.the Vacutug)

* IssaiasStrande, IL. , Ronteltap, M. and Brdjanovic, D. (Eds.) (20072014). UN-HABITAT Vacutug Development Project: Technical report of field trials 2003–2006Faecal Sludge Management. Water, Sanitation Systems Approach for Implementation and Infrastructure BranchOperation. IWA Publishing, UN-HABITATLondon, Nairobi, KenyaUK.:Available at: [http://www.sandec.ch sandec.ch] (Detailed book compiling the current state of knowledge on all aspects related to FSM)

===Acknowledgements===

{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}

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