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====== '''Coastal Zone Problems in Indonesia''' ======
The consequences of coastal exploitation in Indonesia are very complex. The key resource use problems and conflicts in the coastal zone in Indonesia include • :* loss of mangrove forest and tidal swamplands which support traditional fisheries, • * improper utilization of coastal zone by "money holders" (not coastal inhabitant - example conversion of mangrove forest for Tambak), • * declining socio-economic livelihood status of the already poor inhabitants of coastal villages, • * increasing coastal population, • * overfishing and use of destructive methods, • * lack of comprehensive ecological information concerning the coastal zone/resources for developers an~ decision-makers at the provincial level, • * the relevance of agricultural policy for income and food security<ref>Sukardjo S. (1999) Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Indonesia. In: Salomons W., Turner R.K., de Lacerda L.D., Ramachandran S. (eds) Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Environmental Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg</ref>.
The concept of ICZM has been known in international forums since 1992. Almost in most international conventions on marine and environmental management recommend the use of the ICZM concept in the management of marine resources and other marine activities. Much success has been achieved by coastal countries in the world in implementing the ICZM concept. It is therefore appropriate for Indonesia to apply the ICZM concept as an alternative solution to the problems it faces in the management of marine and coastal resources and other activities in the marine sector.<ref>http://oseanografi.lipi.go.id/dokumen/oseana_xxxi(1)21-26.pdf</ref>