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Fish Pond

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sys1=[[Single Pit System|1]]|

sys2=|sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys3sys4=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys4sys5=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]| sys5sys6=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|sys6=|

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Input1=Effluent |Input2= |Input3=| Input4=|Input5=|

Output1=- Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=|english_link=Aquaculture_Ponds|french_link=Bassins_d’aquaculture|spanish_link=Estanque_de_Acuacultura

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<br>----<br> [[Image:Icon_aquaculture.png |right|95px80px]] '''Aquaculture refers to the controlled cultivation of aquatic plants and animals; this technology sheet refers exclusively to the raising of fish while the following page on [[Floating Plant (Macrophyte) Pond|Floating Macrophytes]] addresses the cultivation of plants. Fish can be grown in ponds that receive effluent or sludge where they can feed on algae and other organisms that grow in the nutrient-rich water. Through feedingThe fish, thereby, remove the nutrients from the wastewater are removed and the fish are eventually harvested for consumption.'''

Three kinds of aquaculture designs for raising fish exist:

* Fertilization fertilization of fish ponds with effluent;* fertilization of fish ponds with excreta/sludge;and* fish grown directly in [[Aerated Pond|aerobic ponds]] (T.5 or T.6).

* Fertilization Fish introduced into aerobic ponds can effectively reduce algae and help control the mosquito population. It is also possible to combine fish and [[Floating Plant Pond|floating plants]] (D.10) in one single pond. The fish themselves do not dramatically improve the water quality, but because of their economic value they can offset the costs of operating a treatment facility. Under ideal operatingconditions, up to 10,000 kg/ha of fish ponds with effluent; can be harvested. If the fish are not acceptable for human consumption, they can be a valuable source of protein for other high-value carnivores (like shrimp) or converted into fishmeal for pigs andchickens.

* Fish grown directly ===Design Considerations=== The design should be based on the quantity of nutrients to be removed, the nutrients required by the fish and the water requirements needed to ensure healthy living conditions (e.g., low ammonium levels, required water temperature, etc.). When introducing nutrients in the form of effluent or sludge, it is important to limit the additions so that aerobic pondsconditionsare maintained. BOD should not exceed 1 g/m2/d and oxygen should be at least 4 mg/L.

When introducing nutrients in the form Only fish tolerant of effluent or sludge it is important to limit the additions such that aerobic conditions are maintainedlow dissolved oxygen levels should be chosen. BOD They should not exceed 1g/m2d be carnivores and oxygen they should be at least 4mg/L. Fish introduced tolerant to aerobic ponds can effectively reduce algae diseases and help control mosquito populationsadverse environmental conditions. The fish themselves do not dramatically improve the water quality, but because Different varieties of their economic value they can offset the costs of operating a treatment facility. Under ideal operating conditionscarp, up to 10milkfish and tilapia have been successfully used,000kg/ha of fish can be harvested. If but the fish are not acceptable for human consumption, they can be a valuable source of protein for other high-value carnivores (like shrimp) or converted into fishmeal for pigs specific choice will depend on local preference and chickens.suitability

<br>

{{procontable | pro=

- Can provide a cheap, locally available protein source. <br> - Potential for local job creation and income generation <br>- Low to moderate Relatively low capital costcosts; operating costs should be offset by production revenue. <br> - Potential for local job creation and income generation. <br> - Can be built and maintained with locally available materials. | con=- Fish may pose a health risk if improperly prepared or cooked. <br> - Requires abundance of fresh water. freshwater <br> - Requires a large land (pond) area. <br> - May require expert design and installation.<br>- Fish may pose a health risk if improperly prepared or cooked <br>- Social acceptance may be low in some areas

}}

==Adequacy=Appropriateness=== A fish pond is only appropriate when where there is a sufficient amount of land (or preexisting pre-existing pond), a source of fresh water and a suitable climate. The water that is used to dilute the waste should not be too warm, and the ammonia ammonium levels should be kept low or negligible. Only fish that are tolerant because of low dissolved oxygen levels should be chosen. They should not be carnivores and they should be tolerant its toxicity to diseases and adverse environmental conditions. Different varieties of carp, milkfish and tilapia have been successful, but the specific choice will depend on local preference and suitabilityfish. This technology is only appropriate for warm or tropical climates with no freezing temperatures, and preferably with high rainfall and minimal evaporation.

===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Where there is no other source of readily available protein, this technology may be embraced. The quality and condition of the fish will also influence local acceptance. There may be concern about contamination of the fish, especially when they are harvested, cleaned and prepared. If they are cooked well, they should be safe, but it is advisable to move the fish to a clear-water pond for several weeks before they are harvested for consumption. WHO guidelines on wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture should be consulted for detailed information and specific guidance.

Where there is no other source of readily available protein, this technology may be embraced. ===Operation & Maintenance=== The quality and condition of the fish will also influence local acceptanceneed to be harvested when they reach an appropriate age/size. There may be concern with contamination of the fish, especially during the Sometimes after harvesting, cleaning and preparation of the fish. If pond should be drained so that (a) it is cooked well can be desludged and (b) it should can be safe, but it is advisable left to move dry in the fish sun for 1 to 2 weeks to a clear-water destroy any pathogens living on the bottom or sides of the pond for several weeks before they are harvested for consumption. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing.

==Maintenance=References===* Cross, P. and Strauss, M. (1985). [https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/352.0-86HE-6547.pdf Health Aspects of Nightsoil and Sludge Use in Agriculture and Aquaculture]. International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal, Dübendorf, CH.

The fish need to be harvested when they reach an appropriate age/size* Edwards, P. Sometimes after harvestingand Pullin, the pond should be drained so that R. S. V. (aEds.) it can be desludged and (b1990) it can be left to dry in the sun . Wastewater-Fed Aquaculture. Proceedings: International Seminar on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse for 1 to 2 weeks to destroy any pathogens living on the bottom or sides Aquaculture, Calcutta, IN. (Book compilation of the pond.topical papers)

==Acknowledgements=={{* Iqbal, S. (1999). [https:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}//www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3063 Duckweed Aquaculture. Potentials, Possibilities and Limitations for Combined Wastewater Treatment and Animal Feed Production in Developing Countries]. Eawag (Department Sandec), Dübendorf, CH.

==References and external links==* Johnson Cointreau, S. (1987). [https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/351.1-4910.pdf Aquaculture with Treated Wastewater: A Status Report on Studies Conducted in Lima, Peru. Technical Note No. 3, Integrated Resource Recovery Project]. The World Bank, Washington, D.C., US. 1987.

* Cointreau, SJoint FAO/NACA/WHO Study Group (1999)., et al[https://www. (1987)who. int/foodsafety/publications/aquaculture/en/ Food Safety Issues Associated with Products from Aquaculture with treated wastewater: a status report on studies conducted in Lima, Perú]. WHO Technical Note 3Report Series 883. UNDP/World BankHealth Organization, Geneva, Washington D.C. USA. 1987CH.

* CrossMara, PD. and Strauss, MD. (19852003). Health Aspects of Nightsoil and Sludge Use [https://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/earthscan_ltd_domestic_wastewater_treatment_in_developing_countries_2003.pdf Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Agriculture and AquacultureDeveloping Countries]. International Reference Centre for Waste DisposalEarthscan, DübendorfLondon, SwitzerlandUK. pp. 253-261.

* EdwardsRose, PG. and Pullin, RSVD. (eds) (19901999). Wastewater[https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2997 Community-Fed Aquaculture. Proceedings: International Seminar on Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Reclamation Treatment and Reuse : Options for AquacultureUrban Agriculture]. International Development Research Centre (IDRC), CalcuttaOttawa, IndiaCA. (Compilation of topical papers)

* Iqbal, S. WHO (19992006). Duckweed Aquaculture-Potentials[https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/gsuweg3/en/ Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Possibilities Excreta and Limitations for Combined Greywater. Volume 3: Wastewater Treatment and Animal Feed Production Excreta Use in Developing CountriesAquaculture]. SandecWorld Health Organization, DübendorfGeneva, SwitzerlandCH.

* Joint FAO/NACA/WHO Study Group (1999). Food safety issues associated with products from aquaculture. World Health Organization Technical Report Series No. 883. Available: [http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-sanitation-and-health/en/ WHO: Guidelines on sanitation and health - 2018]

* Mara, DD. (2004). Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries. Earthscan, London. pp 253–261.===Acknowledgements=== * Polprasert, C., et al. (2001). Wastewater Treatment II, Natural Systems for Wastewater Management. Lecture Notes. IHE, Delft. Available: http://www.who.int (Chapter 8 - Aquaculture and Reuse Aspects). * Rose, GD. (1999). Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: options for urban agriculture. IDRC Ottawa. Available: http://idrinfo.idrc.ca * Skillicorn, W., Journey, K. and Spira, P. (1993). Duckweed aquaculture: A new aquatic farming system for developing countries. World Bank, Washington, DC. Available: http{{://www.p2pays.org/ref/09/08875.htm (Comprehensive manual)Acknowledgements Sanitation}}

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