==Examples==
'''Institutional arrangements''' <br>
Institutional arrangements for indirect support are assigned to national level entities (Smits et.al, 2011). Specific arrangements differ from country to country for examples see table 1 (below). If there is no independent regulator, government ministries and agencies are tasked with responsibilities such as planning and policy formulation or even regulation. Donors, NGOs, research institutes and other entities at a national level may also contribute.
'''Table 1. Institutional arrangements for indirect support for different countriesin 2011.'''
{|style="color: white; background-color:#4682B4;" class="wikitable"
|Country
====Costs Example of expenditure on indirect support in India, Ghana and Mozambique====Based on [[#WASHCost|WASHCost]] project research, consolidated data on indirect support costs is are difficult to obtain (Smits et.al, 2012). Table 2 (see below) presents the average per person per year indirect support expenditure for Ghana, India and Mozambique as collected by WASHCost. The expenditure on indirect support in table 2 is based on real levels of expenditure found in these three countries. They are not minimum benchmarks that can be used for costing sustainable basic services in developing countries.
Since exact data for indirect support expenditure in India is were absent, the costs (see table 2 above) were are estimated using some assumptions and expert opinion (Smits et.al, 2011). Mozambique included data from the Rural Water Department (Departamento de Água Rural, DAR) and the Sanitation Department (Departamento de Saneamento, DES). [[#WASHCost|WASHCost]] Mozambique also analysed the costs of three other departments: the Division of Planning and Control (Gabinete de Planificação e Controlo, GPC), the Department of Administration and Finance (Departamento de Administração e Finanças, DAF) and the Directorate of Human Resources (Direcção de Recursos Humanos, DRH). Since these three departments do not only deal with rural and peri-urban areas, a coefficient was applied, taking into account the weight of the subsector population. Other weighting factors are still being considered and the result could be to lower the figure for indirect support expenditure in Mozambique.
==Key documents==