Akvopedia-spade, akvouser, bot, bureaucrat, emailconfirmed, smwadministrator, smwcurator, susana-working-group-susana-member, administrator, widget editor
697
edits
Changes
→Field experiences
__NOTOC__<small-title />[[Image:Pepsi_drip_icon.png|right|80px]][[Image:Nica_drip_icon.png |right|80px]][[Image:Pepsi_drip.PNG|thumb|right|300px200px|Pepsi drip. Low cost plastic hose, used for drip irrigation.]][[ImagePhoto:Nica_drip.PNG|thumb|right|300px|Nica drip system working with 1 m pressure and made of local produced plastic hoseNetherlands Water Partnership.]]
Drip irrigation provides farmers the most efficient way to grow crops in water scarce areas through providing water at a controlled and regular rate to the root zone. Historically it has been too expensive for small-plot farmers, but now it is available at low cost and also adapted for small-scale farming and can reduce water losses by 30 - 70% when compared to conventional methods of crop irrigation, while greatly reducing labour and accurately delivering fertilizers. This makes cultivation during the dry season possible, with resulting yield increases of up to 30%. Drip irrigation is thus less vulnerable to drought than other irrigation systems.
To make drip irrigation affordable for small farmers, the [[Chapin ]] bucket or IDE bucket and drum kits were developed and are now being promoted in many countries. A bucket kit costing US$ 5 can irrigate 25 m2 and a drum kit five times as much. Based on this principle, farmers in India started to make their own drip system, made of plastic hose that is normally used to package ice-lollies. Hoses can only be used for one growing season (generating plastic waste) but investment costs are so low that it is not a risk for poor families to invest in it. This technology now more or less promotes itself.
'''Easy drip irrigation''' is an improvement of the Pepsi drip that consists of sun resistant lay-flat hoses and micro tubes that have a lifetime of 1-2 years. This option is being developed by IDE and applied in Asia. Practica foundation is testing different options in Nicaragua, Tanzania, Zambia and Ghana.
===Suitable conditions ===
* Drip irrigation is often the favoured method of irrigation, for example on steep and undulating slopes, for porous soils, for shallow soils, fields having widely varying soils, where water is scarce, where water is expensive, and where water is of poor quality.
* Drip irrigation is suitable for any plot under 0.4 hectare (one acre), but their modular design allows for expansion above that.
* The Pepsi drip has a capacity of 0.1 - 2 ha.
{{procontable | proborder="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"|-! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages|-| valign="top" | - Reduces water consumption. <br>- Storage tanks do not have to be elevated. <br>
- Uses commonly extruded plastic pipes, so low-cost systems are replicable in many countries.<br>
- Salt concentration in root zone is reduced due to regular application of water.<br>
- Labour-saving.<br>
- Saves fertilizer.<br>
| convalign= "top" | - Hoses have a short lifetime (generating plastic waste).<br>
- Possibilities of theft.<br>
- Damage by rodents.<br>
|}} <br>[[Image:Nica_drip.PNG|thumb|right|200px|Nica drip system working with 1 m pressure and made of local produced plastic hose. Photo: Netherlands Water Partnership.]] ===Construction, operations and maintenance===[[Image:ChapinBucketSystem.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Chapin bucket drip system.]][[Image:DrumIrrigation.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Pouring water into the drum for drip irrigation.]]
Drip irrigation systems consist of water storage, water filtration, water conveyance and distribution, and water application sub-systems. Common preparation requirements and features are as follows:
* Prepare the area to be irrigated. This could be simple land preparation or involve the formation of planting beds.
====Estimated Lifespan====
Pepsi drip: 1-2 years<br>Nica drip: 3-5 years.
==Cost=Costs===* Cost/ha: Pepsi drip: US$ 60 (plastic hose only). Easy drip: US$ 200 to 400.
* Nica drip: (Nicaragua) US$ 300 to 600, depending on crop and material use.
* In Nepal, costs ranged between $0.11 and $0.17 per m2 of irrigated area, depending on the scale of irrigation.
===Field experiences===* Zimbabwe study[[Image:solar market garden.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Solar Market Garden project hooks up solar panels to a drip-system. Photo: [http://wwwself.google.comorg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CF4QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2FwwwSolar Electric Light Fund.icrisat.org%2Fjournal%2Fvolume5%2Faes%2Faes3.pdf&ei=or6IT_v6F4SRiQKtttjRCw&usg=AFQjCNGn3_ShgoWdh07v0N9SF3hjGVo94Q&sig2=hTcIVLO36LI3yuvdDXmGlg Can drip irrigation improve the livelihoods of smallholders? Lessons learned from Zimbabwe].]]
* Zimbabwe study: [http://oar.icrisat.org/2386/1/Can_drip_irrigation_improve1.pdf Can drip irrigation improve the livelihoods of smallholders? Lessons learned from Zimbabwe].<br>{|style="border: 2px solid #e0e0e0; width: 20%; text-align: justify; background-color: #e9f5fd;" cellpadding=Reference manuals"2"<!--rsr logo here-->|- style="vertical-align: top"|[[Image:akvorsr logo_lite.png|center|60px|link=http://akvo.org/products/rsr/]]<!--project blocks here-->|- style="vertical-align: bottom"|[[Image:project 819.jpg |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo.org/project/819/ RSR Project 819]<br>Water, Food & Sanitation for School + Community</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/819/]] |} <br>====Solar Market Garden Project====For the first time, women farmers in the rural villages of Bessassi and Dunkassa, in northern Benin, are able to grow vegetables and fruits during the six month dry season, improving food security and nutrition for themselves and their families. Farmers are also increasing their income by selling excess crops in the market. Now entering its third year, [http://web.stanford.edu/group/solarbenin/data/SolarMarketGardenInfo/Solar%20Market%20Garden.pdf SELF's Solar Market Garden project] has proved that solar energy can provide long term solutions to hunger, malnutrition and poverty in developing nations. In addition, since December 2010, the villagers of Bessassi and Dunkassa now have access to clean drinking water via water wells powered by custom arrays of solar-panels ranging from 1.2 - 4 kW. This particular combination is not only a long-term solution, but can also be replicated all over the African continent. ====Scampis micro-irrigation project====The IFAD-supported Scampis project (2009–2012) changed the lives of 30,000 vulnerable farmer households after they adopted low-cost, user-friendly technologies. Old flip-flop sandals were collected by otherwise unemployed people and used as material to make parts for micro-irrigation equipment in Madagascar. As well as providing a local source of materials for irrigation, this activity promoted recycling and created jobs for street workers who collect the old sandals, and for small businesses that make the irrigation parts. ===Manuals, videos, and links===
* This [http://www.arrakis.nl/reports/ShortManual_drip_irrigation_June_07_lr.pdf Drip Irrigation manual] is set up by Arrakis.
* [http://www.cgiar.org/iwmi wwwconsortium-news/micro-irrigation-beats-hunger/ Micro-irrigation shows new ways to beat hunger.cgiar] CGIAR, August 2011.org/iwmi ] * [http://www.ideorg.org www/OurTechnologies/DripIrrigation.ideorgaspx An Entryway Into High Value Produce Markets.org ] iDE. ====Videos==== {| style="border:1px solid #fofofo; font-size: 125%"|-|{{#ev:youtube|9DfdtG6Yf14|200|auto|On the Farm: <br>Drip Irrigation Technology}}|{{#ev:youtube|uWNlDKxRMmk|200|auto|Drip irrigation in Sugarcane - <br>A Successful Erode farmer}}* [http|{{#ev://www.practicafoundation.nl www.practicafoundation.nl]youtube|o7v_zC0LNw0|200|auto|Growing Corn with <br>Drip Irrigation by NDJ}}|}
===Acknowledgements===* CARE Nederland, ''Desk Study : [[Resilient WASH systems in drought -prone areas]].'' October 2010.
* Sijali, Isaya V. [http://www.samsamwater.com/library.php?cat=irrigation Drip Irrigation; Options for smallholder farmers in eastern and southern Africa]. Sida’s Regional Land Management Unit, 2001.