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Drilling or digging

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Access to groundwater is not always easy, so many different types of drilling mechanisms (ranging in depth capacity and costs) are covered in this section. Africa, for example, is said to have rich amounts of groundwater, as compared with other continents. That said, machine-drilled wells are often too expensive for most of the population. Drilling ‘shallow’ wells (up to 35 meter depth) by hand, reduces the price of a well by a factor 4 to 10 compared to a machine-drilled borehole. This cost reduction enables NGOs and Governments to construct more water wells, but also ‘opens the door’ to villagers, farmers, schools and small communities to have a well constructed independently through the private sector.
<div style=" background-color: #efefef; text-align: center; -moz-border-radius: 2px; -webkit-border-radius: 2px; border: 5px solid #dedede; padding: 5px;" >{|bordercellpadding="15" cellspacing="0"width="100%"|-|colspan="5" style="background-color:#efefef;"||-|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Auger_drilling.jpg|center|100px|link=Hand auger - general]] |style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Vonder_rig.jpg|center|100px|link=Hand auger - Vonder rig]] |style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Point_and_well.jpg|center|100px|link=Hand auger - driven wells]]|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Percussion_drilling.jpg|center|100px|link=Percussion drilling]]|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Stone_hammer_well drilling.PNG|center|100px|link=Percussion - Stone hammer]] |-|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Hand auger - general]]</div>|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Hand auger - Vonder rig]]</div>|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Hand auger - driven wells|Hand auger -<br>driven wells]]</div>|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Percussion drilling]]</div>|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Percussion - Stone hammer| Percussion -<br>Stone hammer]]</div>|-|colspan="5" style="background-color:#efefef;"||-|colspan="5" style="background-color:#DEDEDE;"||-|colspan="5" style="background-color:#efefef;"|
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! Manual |style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Manually_rotated jetting small.jpg|center|100px|link=Jetting - general]]|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Emas drillingsmall.jpg|center|100px|link=Jetting - EMAS method]]|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:jetting engine small.jpg|center|100px|link=Jetting - Engine powered rotary jetting]]|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Rota_sludge small.jpg|center|100px|link=Sludging - Rota sludge]]|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Baptist drilling small.jpg|center|100px|link=Sludging - Baptist method]]
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|[[Imagestyle="background:drilling_icon.png#efefef;"|<div class="center|link" style=http"width://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Hand_auger_auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Jetting -_generalgeneral]]</div>|[[Imagestyle="background:drilling_icon.png#efefef;"|<div class="center|link" style=http"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Hand_auger_auto;">[[Jetting -_Vonder_rigEMAS method]]</div>|[[Imagestyle="background:drilling_icon.png#efefef;"|<div class="center|link" style=http"width://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Hand_auger_auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Jetting - Engine powered rotary jetting|Jetting -_driven_wellsEngine<br>powered rotary jetting]]</div>|[[Imagestyle="background:drilling_icon.png#efefef;"|<div class="center|link" style=http"width:auto; margin-left://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Percussion_auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Sludging -_generalRota sludge]]</div>|[[Imagestyle="background:94px-Icon_stonehammer.png#efefef;"|<div class="center|link" style=http"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Percussion_auto;">[[Sludging -_Stone_hammerBaptist method]]</div>
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|[[Image:Auger_drilling.jpg|center|150px|link=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Hand_auger_-_general]] |[[Image:Vonder_rig.jpg|center|150px|link=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Hand_auger_-_Vonder_rig]] |[[Image:Point_and_well.jpg|center|150px|linkcolspan=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Hand_auger_-_driven_wells]]|[[Image:Percussion_drilling.jpg|center|150px|link"5" style=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Percussion_"background-_general]]|[[Imagecolor:Stone_hammer_well drilling.PNG|center|150px#efefef;"|link=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Percussion_-_Stone_hammer]]
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|<div classcolspan="center5" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Hand auger - general]]|<div class="center" style="width:auto; marginbackground-leftcolor:auto; margin-right:auto#DEDEDE;">[[Hand auger - Vonder rig]]|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Hand auger - driven wells]]|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Percussion - general]]|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Percussion_-_Stone_hammer|Percussion - <br>Stone hammer]]</div>
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|[[Image:infiltration wells.png|center|link=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Infiltration_wells]]|[[Image:Jetting icon.png|center|link=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Jetting_-_general]]|[[Image:Icon_EMAS_drilling.png|center|linkcolspan=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Jetting_-_EMAS_method]]|[[Image:Jetting icon.png|center|link"5" style=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Jetting_"background-_Engine_powered_rotary_jetting]]|[[Imagecolor:Icon_sludge.png#efefef;"|center|link=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Sludging_-_Rota_sludge]]
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 |style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Infiltration_WellAsian sludge small.JPGjpg|center|150px100px|link=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Infiltration_wellsSludging - Asian sludge]] |style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Manually_rotated jettingHandDugWell small.jpg|center|150px100px|link=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Jetting_Traditional hand-_generaldug wells]]|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Emas drillingInfiltration_well small.jpgJPG|center|150px100px|link=http://akvo.orgWater Portal /wikiRainwater Harvesting /index.phpGroundwater recharge /Jetting_-_EMAS_methodInfiltration wells]]|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:jetting engine Riverbed Well small.jpg|center|150px100px|link=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Jetting_Riverbed hand-_Engine_powered_rotary_jettingdug wells]]|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:Rota_sludgejetted driven well point small.jpg|center|150px100px|link=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Sludging_-_Rota_sludgeRiverbed jetted and driven wells]]
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|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Infiltration wellsSludging - Asian sludge]]</div>|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Jetting Traditional hand- generaldug wells]]</div>|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Jetting - EMAS methodWater Portal / Rainwater Harvesting / Groundwater recharge / Infiltration wells | Infiltration wells]]</div>|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Jetting_Riverbed hand-_Engine_powered_rotary_jetting|Jetting - Engine<br>powered rotary jetting]dug wells]]</div>|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Sludging - Rota sludgeRiverbed jetted and driven wells|Riverbed jetted <br>and driven wells]]</div>
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|[[Image:Icon_sludge.png|center|link=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Sludging_-_Baptist_method]]|[[Image:Icon_sludge.png|center|link=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Sludging_-_Asian_sludge]]|[[Image:traditional hand dug well.png|center|linkcolspan=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Traditional_hand-dug_wells]]|[[Image:riverbed hand dug well.png|center|link"5" style=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Riverbed_hand"background-dug_wells]] |[[Imagecolor:riverbed jetted and driven wells.png#efefef;"|center|link=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Riverbed_jetted_and_driven_wells]]
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|[[Image:Baptist drilling small.jpg|center|150px|linkcolspan=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Sludging_-_Baptist_method]] |[[Image:Asian sludge.jpg|center|150px|link"5" style=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Sludging_"background-_Asian_sludge]]|[[Imagecolor:HandDugWell.jpg|center|150px#DEDEDE;"|link=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Traditional_hand-dug_wells]]|[[Image:Riverbed Well.jpg|center|150px|link=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Riverbed_hand-dug_wells]]|[[Image:jetted driven well point.jpg|center|150px|link=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Riverbed_jetted_and_driven_wells]]
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|<div classcolspan="center5" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Sludging - Baptist method]]</div>|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Sludging - Asian sludge]]</div>|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Traditional hand-dug wells]]</div>|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Riverbed hand-dug wells]]</div>|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; marginbackground-rightcolor:auto#efefef;">[[Riverbed_jetted_and_driven_wells|Riverbed jetted <br>and driven wells]]</div>
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|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:rooted reservoir refilled wellsmall.pngjpg|center|100px|link=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Rooted_Reservoir_WellRooted Reservoir Well]]|style="background:#efefef;"|[[Image:bamboo screens iconBamboo_screens small.pngjpg|center|100px|link=http://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Bamboo_screensBamboo screens]]|style="background:#efefef;"||style="background:#efefef;"||style="background:#efefef;"|
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|style="background:#efefef;"|<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[ImageRooted Reservoir Well]]</div>|style="background:refilled well.jpg#efefef;"|<div class="center|150px|link" style=http"width://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Rooted_Reservoir_Wellauto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Bamboo screens]]</div>|[[Imagestyle="background:Bamboo_screens short.PNG#efefef;"|center|style="background:#efefef;"|150px|linkstyle=http"background://akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Bamboo_screens]]#efefef;"|
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|<div classcolspan="center5" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; marginbackground-rightcolor:auto#efefef;">[[Rooted Reservoir Well]]</div>||<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">[[Bamboo screens]]</div>
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<br>
===Field experiences===
These projects may be utilizing manual digging or drilling and are part of the project listing in [http://akvo.org/blog/akvo-really-simple-reporting-rsp/ Really Simple Reporting (RSR)] on [http://www.akvo.org Akvo.org].
{{RSR_table
|1image=rsr 703.jpg|1link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/703/ |1project#=703|1project name=MWA-LAP: <br>Mexico|
|2image=rsr 727.jpg|2link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/727/|2project#=727|2project name=TESO North School and Community WASH Project|
|3image=rsr 397.jpg|3link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/397/ |3project#=397|3project name=Eau Hygiène et Assainissement|
|4image=rsr 401.jpg|4link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/401/ |4project#=401|4project name=Eau, hygiène et assainissement|
|5image=rsr 473.jpg|5link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/473/ |5project#=473|5project name=Project <br>Water4Tomorrow|
}}
{{RSR_table
|1image=project 922.png |1link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/922/ |1project#=922 |1project name=WaterAid Rural <br>WASH Project |
|2image=project 529.png |2link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/529/ |2project#=529 |2project name=Water Sanitation and Hygiene Project |
|3image=project 788.jpg |3link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/788/ |3project#=788 |3project name=MWA-LAP: <br>Nicaragua |
|4image=project 388.jpg |4link=http://rsr.akvo.org//project/388/ |4project#=388 |4project name=WASH Alliance project, AMREF in Ethiopia |
|5image=project 822.png |5link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/822/ |5project#=822 |5project name=Urban WASH II <br>in Monrovia |
}}
{{RSR_table
|1image=project 933.png |1link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/933/ |1project#=933 |1project name=Accelerating Sanitation and Water for All 1 |
|2image=project 1112.png |2link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1112/ |2project#=1112 |2project name=Child Friendly <br>School WASH Project II |
|3image=project 1366.png |3link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1366/ |3project#=1366 |3project name=Rural Boreholes and Rehabilitation 1 |
|4image=project 1367.png |4link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1367/ |4project#=1367 |4project name=Panta District <br>Rural Water Project 1 |
|5image=project 1374.png |5link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/1374/ |5project#=1374 |5project name=Integrated Community Water and Hygiene |
}}
<br>
===Manual drilling comparison of methods===[[Image: Drilling Method Selection.jpg|thumb|leftnone|600px|Drilling Method Selection. Chart: WEDC Loughborough University Leicestershire.]]
<br>===Manual drilling links==={|style="font-size: 120%;" cellpadding="5"|-|{{#ev:youtube|_lapu0LB-wM|200|auto|<center>How to Professionalize the <br>Manual Drilling Sector in Africa 1</center>}}|{{#ev:youtube|l-ftnqIpnJU|200|auto|<center>How to Professionalize the <br>Manual Drilling Sector in Africa 2</center>}}|{{#ev:youtube|3OsMJ3KGzls|200|auto|<center>Professionalizing Manual Drilling: <br>2. Building Capacity (English)</center>}}|-|{{#ev:youtube|ibyj2BlhENo|200|auto|<center>Professionlizing Manual Well <br>Drilling: 4. Mapping (English)</center>}}|{{#ev:youtube|lvfczoIsG4s|200|auto|<center>Professionalizing Manual Well <br>Drilling: 2. Drilling Techniques</center>}}|} * VIDEO: [http://www.rwsnthewaterchannel.tv/media-gallery/641-manual-drilling-and-pump-installation-madagascar Manual drilling and pump installation, Madagascar] by The Water Channel.ch* [http:/documentation/skatdocumentationwww.2005rural-11water-15supply.5533687184net/en/resources/details/file 402 Human-Powered Drilling Technologies], Richard Carter, Cranfield University, 2005.
* [http://www.hydrology.nl/images/docs/ihp/nl/cop15/2_Richard_Taylor.pdf Groundwater and climate change in Africa: The Kampala Statement.] Richard Taylor, University College London (UK), IAH Commission of Groundwater & Climate Change.
<br> ===Acknowledgements===
* [http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/04.pdf Understanding Groundwater and Wells in Manual Drilling]. Unicef.org.
Winona
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