<small{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-title />box|english_link=Dehydration_Vaults|french_link=Chambre_de_déshydratation|spanish_link=Camaras_de_Deshidratacion|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}<!-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->|}
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pic=Dehydration_vaults.png|
ApplHousehold=XX|
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Input1=Faeces |Input2=Dry Cleansing Materials| Organics |Input3=|Input4=|Input5=|
Output1=Dried Faeces |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
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[[Image:Icon_dehydration_vault.png |right|80px]]
'''Dehydration vaults are used to collect, store and dry (dehydrate) faeces. Faeces will only dehydrate when the vaults are watertight to prevent external moisture from entering and when urine and anal cleansing water are diverted away from the vaults.'''
'''Dehydration vaults are used to collect, store and dry (dehydrate) faeces. Faeces will only dehydrate when the vaults are well ventilated, watertight to prevent external moisture from entering, and when urine and anal cleansing water are diverted away from the vaults.'''
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[[Image:Vaults_and_chambers.PNG|thumb|right|200px|[[Vaults and chambers |Dy]], in South Africa(for credits, click the picture)]]
[[Image:DehydrationWhen faeces are not mixed with urine and other liquids, they dry quickly. In the absence of moisture, organisms cannot grow, pathogens are destroyed and smells minimized. The use of two alternating vaults allows the faeces to dehydrate in one vault while the other vault fills.PNG|thumb|right|200px|When one vault is full, the [[Dehydration Urine Diverting Dry Toilet |DehydrationUrine-Diverting Dry Toilet]](UDDT, U.2) is moved to the second vault. While the second vault fills up, the faeces in the first vault dry and decrease in Ecuador (for creditsvolume. When the second vault is full, click the picture)]]first one is emptied and put back into service. To prevent flies, minimize odours and encourage drying, a small amount of ash, lime, dry soil or sawdust should be used to cover faeces after each use.
When urine ===Design Considerations=== Dehydration vaults can be constructed indoors or with a separate superstructure. A vent pipe is separated required to remove humidity from faeces, the faeces dry quicklyvaults and control flies and odours. In The chambers should be airtight for proper functioning of the absence ventilation. They should be made of moisture, organisms sealed brickwork or concrete to ensure that surface runoff cannot grow and enter. The WHO recommends a minimum storage time of 6 months if ash or lime are used as suchcover material (alkaline treatment), smells are minimized otherwise the storage should be for at least 1 year for warm climates (>20 °C average) and pathogens are destroyed. Vaults used for drying faeces in the absence of urine have various local names1. One of the most common names 5 to 2 years for this technology is the Vietnamese Double Vaultscolder climates.
Excreta may dry inside the vault as a result In case of sun radiationalkaline treatment, natural evaporation and ventilation. Absorbents such as lime, ash or dry soil should be added to the chamber after each defecation in order to absorb moisture, making the pile less compact. The product from a dehydration process is a kind of mulch, rich in humus, carbon, fibrous material, phosphorous and potassium. It should be stored, sun-dried or composted in order to kill off all pathogens. A family of 6 will produce 500L of faeces in approximately six months. For design purposes it is recommended to assume that one person will require almost 100L of faeces storage space every six months. The vaults should be slightly oversized to account for airflow, visitors and the non-even distribution of faeces in the chamber. Each vault is sized to accommodate sixmonths at least 6 months of faeces accumulation which in turn, . This results in a six 6 month drying storage and dehydration time in the out-of-service vault. Two alternating vaults allow the faeces to dehydrate in one The vault while the other vault fills. When one vault is full it is sealed with a lid and the UDDT (U2) is moved to the second vault. While the second vault fills updimensions should account for cover material, airflow, the uneven distribution of faeces in the first vault slowly dry , and decrease in volume. When the second vault is full, it is sealed, the dry material from the first vault is removed possibly visitors and the first vault is then put back into service. The vaults must be watertight to keep the faeces as dry as possiblecleansing materials. Chambers should It can be constructed assumed that one person will require around 50 L of sealed block or formed concrete to ensure that rainwater, surface run-off, greywater and urine are prevented from entering the vaultsstorage volume every 6 months. Urine can be collected in a bucket and discharge A minimum chamber height of 60 to the ground (garden) or stored in a tank 80 cm is recommended for future transport easy emptying and use. A vent is required access to help keep the vaults dry and control flies and odoursurine pipes.
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{{procontable | pro=
- Significant reduction in pathogens<br>- Can be built and repaired with locally available materials. <br> - Because double pits are used alternately, their life is virtually unlimited. <br> - Potential for use of dried faeces as soil conditioner<br>- Good in rocky and/or flooded areas. <br> - Excavation of dried faeces is easier than faecal sludge. <br> - No real problems with flies or odours if used correctly(i.e. <br> - Does not require a constant source of water, kept dry). <br> - Suitable for all types of user (sitters, squatters, washers and wipers). <br> - Low (but variable) capital costs depending on materials; no or low operating costs. <br> - Small land area required. | con=- Requires education training and acceptance to be used correctly. <br> - Requires constant source of cover material, e.g. ash, sand or lime. <br> - Requires a place where urine and treated Manual removal of dried faeces can be used or discharged. <br> - Urine and faeces require manual removal. is required
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<br>===AdequacyAppropriateness===Dehydration Vaults vaults can be installed in almost every setting , from rural to dense urban areas, because of the small land area required, the minimal odours and the ease of use. They If used in an urban context, this technology relies on a transport service for the dried faeces (and urine) since urban users normally do not have an interest and/or opportunity to use it locally. Dehydration vaults are especially appropriate for water -scarce and rocky areasor where the groundwater table is high. In They are also suitable in areas that are frequently flooded, Dehydration Vaults are appropriate because they are constructed built to be watertight. Furthermore, where there is no plot of land available, the vaults can be installed indoors, which also makes this technology applicable for colder climates (where leaving the house is less desirable).
===Health Aspects/Acceptance ===Dehydration vaults can be a clean, comfortable, and easy-to-use technology. It is crucial, however, that the users are well trained to understand how the technology works and appreciate its benefits. When the vaults are kept dry, there should not be any problems with flies or odours. After the recommended storage time, the faeces should be very dry and relatively safe to handle, provided that they did not get wet. However, a low health risk remains. Single dehydration vaults or bins do not allow faeces to sufficiently dehydrate.
Dehydration Vaults can be a clean, comfortable, and easy-to-use technology. When users are well educated and understand how the technology works they may be more willing to accept it as a viable sanitation solution. When full container needs emptying, the vaults faeces on top are kept drystill fresh. Hence, there should be no problems the risk associated with flies or odours. Faeces from the handling of faecal matter is inherently higher in single vaults compared to double vaults should be very dry vault designs. The use of alternating chambers is, therefore, recommended. However, research and relatively field tests of sealed faeces containers (or cartridges) for safe to handle provided they were continuously covered transportation and easy cleaning, along with material and not allowed to get wetthe corresponding logistics, are on-going.
There ===Operation & Maintenance=== Just like the faeces which are dried, but not degraded in the vaults, dry cleansing materials will not decompose in the chambers. Whenever the material is intended to be applied onto fields without further treatment, it is a low health risk for those whom have recommended to empty or change separately collect and dispose of the urine containerdry cleansing materials. Faeces Occasionally, the faeces that have been dried for over one year also pose a low health riskaccumulated beneath the toilet should be pushed to the sides of the chamber.
===Upgrading=== Care should be taken to ensure that no water or urine gets into the dehydration vault. If this happens, extra ash, lime, soil or sawdust can be added to help absorb the liquid. To empty the vaults, a shovel, gloves and possibly a facemask (cloth) should be used to avoid contact with the dried faeces.
There is a risk however when using single vaults, that the top portion of the faeces will not be fully dried and/or hygienized. Single vaults are not recommended (because of the need to handle fresh faeces) and should, whenever possible be upgraded to a double vault. ===MaintenanceReferences===
To prevent flies* Deegener, minimize odours and encourage drying, a small amount of ashS., soilSamwel, or lime should be used to cover faeces after each useM. Care should be taken to ensure that no water or urine gets into the Dehydration Vault. If this happens, extra soil, ash, limeand Gabizon, or sawdust can be added to help absorb the liquidS. Because the faeces are not actually degraded (just dried2006), dry cleansing materials must not be added to the Dehydration Vaults as they will not decompose. Occasionally, the mounded faeces beneath the toilet hole should be pushed to the sides of the pit for an even drying[https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/430 Urine Diverting Toilets. Where water is used for cleansingPrinciples, an appropriate User Interface should be installed to divert Operation and collect it separatelyConstruction]. To empty the vaultsWomen in Europe for a Common Future, a shovelUtrecht, gloves NL and possibly a face mask (cloth) should be used to limit contact with the dried faecesMunich, DE. ===References===
* Rieck, C., von Münch, E. and Hoffmann, H. (2012). [httphttps://zoomzapwww.susana.comorg/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/manualslibrary/SESdetails/download874 Technology Review of Urine-esp.php Manual del Sanitario Ecologico SecoDiverting Dry Toilets (UDDTs)].] A very comprehensive manual on dry chamber construction including detailed instruction Overview of Design, Operation, Management and material listsCosts. In SpanishDeutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, DE.
* GTZ Winblad, U. and Simpson-Hébert, M. (2005Eds.) (2004). [http://www.sanimapecosanres.netorg/xoops2pdf_files/uploads/gnavi/12_2Ecological_Sanitation_2004.pdf Urine diverting dry toilets programme disseminationEcological Sanitation. Revised and Enlarged Edition] (data sheet). GTZStockholm Environment Institute, GermanyStockholm, SE. General overview (A general description of Dehydration Chambers with some dimensioning various designs and materials lists.adaptations, especially Chapter 3)
* Winblad, U., and Simpson-Herbert, M. (eds.) WHO (20042006). [https://wikiwww.umnwho.eduint/water_sanitation_health/pubpublications/EWBgsuweg4/Ugandaen/SIDAGuidebookGuidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater.pdf Ecological Sanitation - revised Volume 4: Excreta and enlarged editionGreywater Use in Agriculture]. SEIWorld Health Organization, Stockholm, Sweden. A general description of various designs and adaptationsGeneva, especially Chapter 3CH.
* [http://www.wecfwho.euint/index.php Women in Europe for a Common Future] (2006). [http:water_sanitation_health/publications/www.permacultuurnederland.orgguidelines-on-sanitation-and-health/permacultuurtken/urinedivert.pdf Urine diverting ToiletsWHO: Principles, Operation Guidelines on sanitation and Constructionhealth - 2018]. Photos and explanation of how to build a double vault and superstructure.
===Acknowledgements===
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}