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Composting Chamber

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<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->box|english_link=Composting Chamber|french_link=Chambre de compostage|spanish_link=Camara_de_Compostaje|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}{|width="100%"|style="width:50%;"|{{santablesantable_new|

sys1=[[Waterless System with Alternating Pits|2]]|

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Input1=Organics|Input2=Excreta|Input3=Faeces| Input4= Dry Cleansing Materials |Input5=|Output1=Compost/Ecohumus | Output2= Effluent| Output3= | Output4= | Output5=|french_link=Chambre de compostage|english_link=Composting Chamber|spanish_link=Camara de Compostaje

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[[Image:Icon_composting_chamber.png |right|95px80px]]'''Composting refers to the process by which biodegradable components are biologically decomposed under aerobic conditions by microorganisms (mainly bacteria and fungi)under aerobic conditions. A Composting Chamber converts composting chamber is designed to convert excreta and organics into Compostcompost. Compost is a stable, inoffensive product that can be safely handled safely and used as a soil conditioner.'''

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This technology usually requires four main parts:

# an access door to remove the mature product.

A Composting Chamber can be designed in various configurations Excreta, organics, food waste and constructed above bulking material (such as wood chips, sawdust, ash or below groundpaper) are mixed in the chamber. UDDT There are four factors that ensure the good functioning of the system: (a) sufficient oxygen, provided by active or passive aeration; (b) proper moisture (ideally 45 to 70% moisture content); (c) internal (heap) temperature of 40 to 50 °C (achieved by proper chamber dimensioning); and (d) a 25:1 C:N ratio (theoretically) which can be used adjusted by adding bulking material as a User Interface for specifically designed Composting Chamberscarbon source. Anal Cleansing Water should not be added In practice, these optimal conditions are difficult to maintain. As a result, the composting chamber as it could cause anaerobic conditionsoutput product is often not sufficiently stabilized and sanitized, foul smells and reduced collection capacityrequires furthertreatment.

There are four factors that will ensure the good functioning of the system:===Design Considerations===  #sufficient air (oxygen)A composting chamber can be designed in various configurations and constructed above or below ground, provided by active aeration (pumped air) indoors or passive aeration;#proper moisture (ideally moisture content should be between 45–70%);#internal (heap) temperature with a separate superstructure. A design value of 40–50°C (300 L/person/year can be controlled with proper used to calculate the required chamber dimensioning); and#a 25:1 carbon to nitrogen ratio volume. Ventilation channels (theoreticallyair ducts) which under the heap can be adjusted by adding an external source of carbon such as toilet paperbeneficial for aeration. More complex designs can include a small ventilation fan, wood chipsa mechanical mixer, or multiple compartments to allow for increased storage and degradation time. A sloped bottom and/or vegetable scrapsa chamber for compost withdrawal facilitate access to the final product. It A drainage system is appropriate important to assume ensure the removal of leachate. Excessive ammonia from urine inhibits the microbial processes in the chamber. The use of a design value [[Urine Diverting Dry Toilet | Urine-Diverting Dry Toilet]] (UDDT, U.2) or [[Urinal | Urinal]] (U.3) can, therefore, improve the quality of 300L/person/ year to calculate the required chamber volumecompost.

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{{procontable | pro=

- The compost that is removed is safe to handle and Significant reduction in pathogens <br>- Compost can be used as a soil conditioner. <br> - Can help reduce the volume of solid waste generated by diverting organic material into the composting unit. No real problems with flies or odours if used and maintained correctly <br> - Can Organic solid waste can be built and repaired with locally available materials managed concurrently <br> - Long service life. <br> - No real problems with flies or odours Low operating costs if used correctly. <br> self-emptied | con=- LowRequires well-moderate capital costs depending on emptying; low operating costs. trained user or service personnel for monitoring and maintenance <br> - High reduction of pathogens. Compost might require further treatment before use <br> - Does not require constant source of water. | con=- Leachate requires secondary treatment and/or appropriate discharge. <br> - Requires expert design and construction supervision. <br> - May require some specialized parts and electricity <br> - May require long start up time. Requires constant source of organics <br>- Manual removal of compost is required

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==Adequacy=Appropriateness=== Although simple Since this technology is compact and waterless, it is especially suited in theoryareas where land and water are limited, Composting Chambers are not always easy to operateor when there is a need for compost. The moisture must It can also be controlled to prevent anaerobic conditionsinstalled in rocky areas, or where the ratio of carbon and nitrogen must groundwater table is high. In cold climates, a composting chamber should be well balanced and indoors to ensure that low temperatures do not impede the volume of the unit must microbial processes. This technology cannot be such that used for the temperature collection of anal cleansing water or greywater; if the compost pile remains between 40 to 50°C. Howeverreactor becomes too wet, once the composting process is well established, the system is quite robustanaerobic conditions will cause odour problems and improper degradation.

Depending on ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== If the designcomposting chamber is well designed, Composting Chambers can the users will not have to handle the material during the first year. A well-functioning composting chamber should notproduce odours. If there is ample bulking material and good ventilation, there should be used indoors no problems with flies or other insects. When removing the comfort and convenience of a flush toiletfinal product, it isadvisable to wear protective clothing to prevent contact with (partially) composted material.

This technology is appropriate ===Operation & Maintenance=== Although simple in theory, composting chambers are not that easy to almost all areasoperate. The moisture must be controlled, but since it is compact the C:N ratio must be well balanced and waterless, it is especially suited the volume of the unit must be such that the temperature of the compost pile remains high to warm climates and to areas where land and water are limitedachieve pathogen reduction. In colder climatesAfter each defecation, a Composting Chamber can also be used indoors small amount of bulking material is added to ensure that low temperatures do not impede absorb excess liquid, improve the composting process. A Composting Chamber cannot be used for aeration of the Collection pile and Storage/ Treatment of anal cleansing water or greywater; if balance the carbon availability. Turning the reactor becomes too wet, anaerobic conditions material from time to time will form and there will be problems with odour and improper degradationboost the oxygen supply.

==Health Aspects/Acceptance==A squeeze test can be made to check the moisture level within the chamber. When squeezing a handful of compost, it should not crumble or feel dry, nor should it feellike a wet sponge. Rather, the compost should leave only a few drops of water in one’s hand. If the Composting Chamber material in the chamber becomes too compact and humid, additional bulking material should be added. If a UDDT is well designed and constructedused, there some water should be no reason for the users added to handle obtain the material for at least required humidity. Depending on the first yeardesign, and thus, little opportunity the composting chamber should be emptied every 2 to come in contact with pathogens10 years. A well functioning Composting Chamber should not produce odours, and Only the mature compost should be easy removed. The material may require further treatment to maintainbecome hygienically safe (e.g., [[Co-composting | Co-Composting]], see T.16). With time, salt or other solids may build up in the tank or drainage system. If there is ample cover/bulking material there should not These can be problems dissolved with flies hot water and/or insectsscraped out.

===Upgrading===

A simple Composting Chamber can be upgraded to include a small ventilation fan, a mechanical mixer, or multiple compartments to allow for increased storage and degradation time.

==Maintenance=Field experiences= ==The following projects utilize composting chamber methods.<br>Depending on the design, the Composting Chamber should be emptied every {|style="border: 2px solid #e0e0e0; width: 40%; text-align: justify; background-color: #e9f5fd;" cellpadding="2 to 10 years"|- style="vertical-align: top"|[[Image:akvorsr logo_lite. Only the completelymature compost should be removedpng|center|60px|link=http://akvo. With time, salt or other solids may build up in the tank or in the leachateorg/products/rsr/]]|- style="vertical-collecting system, which can be dissolved with hot water andalign: bottom"|[[Image:project 789.jpg |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http:/or scraped out/rsr. A squeeze test can be used to check the moisture level within the Composting Chamberakvo. A squeeze test requires the user to squeeze a handful of compostorg/project/789/ RSR Project 789]<br>MWA-LAP: <br>Colombia</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/789/ ]] |[[Image:project 790. The compost should not crumble and feel dry, nor should it feel like a wet spongejpg |thumb|center|140px|<font size="2"><center>[http://rsr.akvo. Rather, the compost should only leave a few drops of water org/project/790/ RSR Project 790]<br>WaSH program in the user’s hand<br>Rural Bangladesh</center></font>|link=http://rsr.akvo.org/project/790/ ]] |} <br> ===References===

==Acknowledgements=={{* Berger, W. (2011). [https:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}//www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/878 Technology Review of Composting Toilets. Basic Overview of Composting Toilets (with or without Urine Diversion)]. Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, DE.

==References * Del Porto, D. and external links==Steinfeld, C. (1999). The Composting Toilet System Book. A Practical Guide to Choosing, Planning and Maintaining Composting Toilet Systems, an Alternative to Sewer and Septic Systems (Book). The Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention (CEPP), Concord, MA, US.

* Del PortoHill, DG. B., Baldwin, S. A. and SteinfeldVinnerås, CB. (19992013). The [http://sustainablesummits.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Hill-Baldwin-Vinneras-2013-Composting Toilet System Book-Toilets-Misnomer-PUB. A Practical Guide to Choosing, Planning and Maintaining pdf Composting Toilet Systems, Toilets a WaterMisnomer: Excessive Ammonia from Urine Inhibits Microbial Activity yet Is Insufficient in Sanitizing the End-Saving, Pollution-Preventing AlternativeProduct]. The Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention Journal of Environmental Management 119 (CEPP2013), Concord, Massachusetts. (Comprehensive installation and maintenance for pre: 29-fabricated units35.)

* DrescherJenkins, SJ., Zurbrügg, C(2005)., Enayetullah, I. and Singha, MADThe Humanure Handbook. A Guide to Composting Human Manure (2006Book). Decentralised Composting for Cities of Low- and Middle-Income Countries – A User’s Manual3rd Ed. Eawag/Sandec and Waste ConcernJenkins Publishing, Grove City, PA, Dhaka. Available: http://www.sandecUS.ch

* Jenkins, JU.S. EPA (1999). The Humanure Handbook-2nd Edition[https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/200044ES. Jenkins Publishing, Grove City, PA, USATXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1995+Thru+1999&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C95thru99%5CTxt%5C00000015%5C200044ES. Available: http:txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/wwwi425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL Water Efficiency Technology Fact Sheet. Composting Toilets]. EPA 832-F-99-066. U.jenkinspublishingS.com (TheoryEnvironmental Protection Agency, Washington, historyD.C., and do-it-yourself guide to composting toiletsUS.)

* USEPA (1999). Water Efficiency Technology Fact Sheet===Acknowledgements==={{: Composting Toilets- EPA 832-F-99-066. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington. Available: www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/comp.pdf (Information related to microbial die off rates and risks.)Acknowledgements Sanitation}}

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