<!{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-box|english_link=Co- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and inputcomposting|french_link=Co-output tables -->Compostage|spanish_link=Compostaje|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}{|width="100%"|style="width:50%;"|{{santablesantable_new|
sys1=[[Single Pit System|1]]|
sys2=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys4=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]| sys5=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|
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pic=Co_composting.png|
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ManShared=X|
ManPublic=XX|
Input1=Faecal Sludge |Input2=Organics |Input3=|Input4=|Input5=|Output1=Compost/EcoHumus |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
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[[Image:CoIcon_co-composting.PNG|thumbpng |right|150px|[[Co-composting |Co-composting]], in Yemen (for credits, click the picture)80px]]
'''Co-composting is the controlled aerobic degradation of organics, using more than one feedstock (faecal sludge and organic solid waste). Faecal sludge has a high moisture and nitrogen content, while biodegradable solid waste is high in organic carbon and has good bulking properties (i.e., it allows air to flow and circulate). By combining the two, the benefits of each can be used to optimize the process and the product.'''
[[Image:Co-composting.PNG|thumb|right|200px|[[Co-composting |Co-composting]], in Yemen (for credits, click the picture)]]
'''Co<br>There are two types of co-Composting is composting designs: open and in-vessel. In open composting, the controlled aerobic degradation of organics using more than one materials mixed material (Faecal sludge and Organic solid waste). Faecal sludge has a high moisture and nitrogen content while biodegradable solid waste is high in organic carbon piled into long heaps called windrows and has good bulking properties (i.eleft to decompose. it allows air Windrow piles are periodically turned to flow provide oxygen and circulate). By combining the two, ensure that all parts of the benefits of each can be used pile are subjected to optimize the process same heat treatment. In-vessel composting requires controlled moisture and the productair supply, as wellas mechanical mixing. For dewatered sludgesTherefore, it is not generally appropriate for decentralized facilities. Although the composting process seems like a ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 of dewatered sludge to solid waste should be used. Liquid sludges should be used at simple, passive technology, a ratio of 1:5 to 1:10 of liquid sludge well-functioning facility requires careful planning and design to solid wasteavoid failure.'''
===Open co-compostingDesign Considerations===There are two types The facility should be located close to the sources of Co-Composting designs: open organic waste and faecal sludge to minimize transport costs, but still at a distanceaway from homes and in-vesselbusinesses to minimize nuisances. In open compostingDepending on the climate and available space, the mixed material (facility may be covered to prevent excess evaporation and/or provide protection from rain and wind. For dewatered sludge, a ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 of sludge and to solid waste) is piled into long heaps called windrows and left to decomposeshould be used. Windrow piles are turned periodically Liquid sludge should be used at a ratio of 1:5 to provide oxygen and ensure that all parts 1:10 of the pile are subjected sludge to the same heat treatmentsolid waste. Windrow piles should be at least 1m 1 m high, and should be insulated with compost or soil to promote an even distribution of heat inside the pile. Depending on the climate and available space, the facility may be covered to prevent excess evaporation and protection from rain.
To adequately treat excreta together <br>{{procontable | pro=- Relatively straightforward to set up and maintain with other organic appropriate training <br>- Provides a valuable resource that can improve local agriculture and food production <br>- A high removal of helminth eggs is possible (< 1 viable egg/g TS) <br>- Can be built and repaired with locally available materials <br>- Low capital and operating costs <br>- No electrical energy required| con= - Requires a large land area (that is well located) <br>- Long storage times <br>- Requires expert design and operation by skilled personnel <br>- Labour intensive <br>- Compost is too bulky to be economically transported over long distances}} ===Appropriateness=== A co-composting facility is only appropriate when there is an available source of well-sorted biodegradable solid waste. Solid waste containing plastics and garbage must first be sorted. When carefully done, co-composting can produce a clean, pleasant, beneficial soil conditioner. Since moisture plays an important role in windrowsthe composting process, covered facilities are especially recommended where there is heavy rainfall. Apart from technical considerations, composting only makes sense if there is a demand for the WHO product (1989from paying customers) recommends active windrow co. In order to find buyers, a consistent and good quality compost has to be produced; this depends on good initial sorting and a well-composting with other organic materials for one month at controlled thermophilic process. ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== Maintaining the temperature in the pile between 55-60°C, followed by two and 60 °C can reduce the pathogen load in sludge to four months curing a level safe to stabilise touch and work with. Although the finished compostcan be safely handled, care should be taken when dealing with the sludge, regardless of the previous treatment. If the material is found to be dusty, workers should wear protective clothing and use appropriate respiratory equipment. Proper ventilation and dust control are important. ===Operation & Maintenance=== The mixture must be carefully designed so that it has the proper C:N ratio, moisture and oxygen content. This achieves an acceptable level If facilities exist, it would be useful to monitor helminth egg inactivation as a proxy measure of pathogen kill sterilization. A well-trained staff is necessary for targeted health valuesthe operation andmaintenance of the facility. Maintenance staff must carefully monitor the quality of the input material, and keep track of the inflows, outflows, turning schedules, and maturing times to ensure a high quality product. Forced aeration systems must be carefully controlledand monitored.
===In-vessel co-composting===InTurning must be periodically done with either a front-vessel composting requires controlled moisture and air supply, as well as mechanical mixingend loader or by hand. Therefore, it is not generally appropriate Robust grinders for decentralized facilitiesshredding large pieces of solid waste (i.e. Although , small branches and coconut shells) and pile turners help to optimize the composting process seems like a simple, passive technologyreduce manual labour, and ensure a well-working facility requires careful planning and design to avoid failuremore homogenous end product.
{{procontable | pro=- Through co-composting, a useful ==References and safe end product is generated that combines nutrients and organic material. <br>- Easy to set up and maintain with appropriate training <br>- Provides a valuable resource that can improve local agriculture and food production <br>- High removal of helminth eggs possible (< 1 egg viable egg/g TS) <br>- Can be built and repaired with locally available materials <br>- Toilet paper is decomposed <br>- Low capital cost; low operating cost <br>- Potential for local job creation and income generation <br>- No electrical energy required| conexternal links=== - Long storage times <br>- Requires expert design and operation <br>- limited control of vectors and pest attraction <br>- Labour intensive <br>- Lower cost variants requires a large land area (which is well located)}}
==Adequacy== A Co-Composting facility is only appropriate when there is an available source of well-sorted biodegradable solid waste* Hoornweg, D., Thomas, L. Mixed solid waste with plastics and garbage must first be sortedOtten, L. (2000). [http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/483421468740129529/pdf/multi0page. When done carefully, Co-pdf Composting can produce a cleanand Its Applicability in Developing Countries]. Urban Waste Management Working Paper Series No. 8. The World Bank, pleasantWashington, beneficial product that is safe to touch and work withD.C. It is a good way to reduce the pathogen load in sludge, US.
Depending on the climate (rainfall* Koné, D., Cofie, O., Zurbrügg, C., Gallizzi, K., Moser, D., Drescher, temperature S. and windStrauss, M. (2007) the . [https://ocw.un-ihe.org/pluginfile.php/4127/mod_resource/content/1/Helminth%20egg%20inactivation%20efficiency_Kone%20et%20al_WR41_2007.pdf Helminth Eggs Inactivation Efficiency by Faecal Sludge Dewatering and Co-Composting facility can be built to accommodate the conditions. Since moisture plays an important role in the composting process, covered facilities are especially recommended where there is heavy rainfallTropical Climates]. The facility should be located close to the sources of organic waste and faecal sludge Water Research 41 (to minimize transport19) but to minimize nuisances, it should not be too close to homes and businesses. A well: 4397-trained staff is necessary for the operation and maintenance of the facility4402.
Adding excreta* Obeng, especially urineL. A. and Wright, to household organics produces compost with a higher nutrient value F. W. (N1987). [https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Obeng-P1987-K) than compost produced only from kitchen and garden wastesDomestic.pdf Integrated Resource Recovery. The Co-composting integrates excreta Composting of Domestic Solid and solid waste managementHuman Wastes]. The World Bank and UNDP, Washington, D.C., optimizing efficiencyUS.
==Health Aspects/Acceptance== Although the finished compost can be safely handled* Rouse, J., Rothenberger, S. and Zurbrügg, care should be taken when handling the faecal sludgeC. Workers should wear protective clothing (2008): Marketing Compost, a Guide for Compost Producers in Low and appropriate respiratory equipment if the material is found to be dustyMiddle-Income Countries. Eawag (Department Sandec), Dübendorf, CH.:Available at: [http://www.sandec.ch sandec.ch]
==Upgrading== Robust grinders for shredding large pieces of solid waste * Strande, L., Ronteltap, M. and Brdjanovic, D. (Eds.) (i2014).e[https://www. small branches susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and coconut shells) -publications/library/details/3591 Faecal Sludge Management. Systems Approach for Implementation and pile turners help to optimize the processOperation]. IWA Publishing, reduce manual labourLondon, and ensure a more homogenous end productUK.(Detailed book compiling the current state of knowledge on all aspects related to FSM)
==Maintenance== The mixture must be carefully designed so that it has the proper C:N ratio* Strauss, M., Drescher, moisture and oxygen contentS. If facilities exist, it would be useful to monitor helminth egg inactivation as a proxy measure of sterilizationZurbrügg, C. Maintenance staff must carefully monitor the quality of the input materials, keep track of the inflowsMontangero, outflowsA., turning schedulesCofie, O. and maturing times to ensure a high quality productDrechsel, P. (2003). [https://www. Manual turning must be done periodically with either a frontsusana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/1548 Co-Composting of Faecal Sludge and Municipal Organic Waste]. A Literature and State-of-end loader or by handKnowledge Review. Forced aeration systems must be carefully controlled Eawag (Department Sandec), Dübendorf, CH and monitoredIWMI, Accra, GH.
== References =Acknowledgements===* Elizabeth Tilley et.al (2008). [http{{://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Acknowledgements Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systems.)}}