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Co-composting

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{|style="float: left;"|{{Language-box|english_link=Co-composting|french_link=Co-Compostage|spanish_link=Compostaje|hindi_link=coming soon|malayalam_link=coming soon|tamil_link=coming soon | korean_link=coming soon | chinese_link=Coming soon | indonesian_link=Coming soon | japanese_link=Coming soon}}|}{|width="100%"|style="width:50%;"|{{santable_new|sys1=[[Single Pit System|1]]|sys2=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|6]]|sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Effluent Transport|7]]|sys4=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|8]]| sys5=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|9]]|sys6=|sys7=|sys8=|sys9=|pic=Co_composting.png|ApplHousehold=|ApplNeighbourhood=X|ApplCity=XX|ManHousehold=|ManShared=X|ManPublic=XX|Input1=Sludge |Input2=Organics |Input3=|Input4=|Input5=|Output1=Compost |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=}}|[[Image:Co_composting.png |right|500px]]|}<br>----<br> [[Image:Icon_co-composting.png |right|80px]] '''Co-composting_iconcomposting is the controlled aerobic degradation of organics, using more than one feedstock (faecal sludge and organic solid waste).jpgFaecal sludge has a high moisture and nitrogen content, while biodegradable solid waste is high in organic carbon and has good bulking properties (i.e., it allows air to flow and circulate). By combining the two, the benefits of each can be used to optimize the process and the product.''' [[Image:Co-composting.PNG‎|thumb|right|200px|[[Co-composting |Co-composting]], in Yemen (for credits, click the picture)]] <br>There are two types of co-composting designs: open and in-vessel. In open composting, the mixed material (sludge and solid waste) is piled into long heaps called windrows and left to decompose. Windrow piles are periodically turned to provide oxygen and ensure that all parts of the pile are subjected to the same heat treatment. In-vessel composting requires controlled moisture and air supply, as wellas mechanical mixing. Therefore, it is not generally appropriate for decentralized facilities. Although the composting process seems like a simple, passive technology, a well-functioning facility requires careful planning and design to avoid failure. ===Design Considerations=== The facility should be located close to the sources of organic waste and faecal sludge to minimize transport costs, but still at a distanceaway from homes and businesses to minimize nuisances. Depending on the climate and available space, the facility may be covered to prevent excess evaporation and/or provide protection from rain and wind. For dewatered sludge, a ratio of 1:2 to 1:3 of sludge to solid waste should be used. Liquid sludge should be used at a ratio of 1:5 to 1:10 of sludge to solid waste. Windrow piles should be at least 1 m high and insulated with compost or soil to promote an even distribution of heat inside the pile.

Composting is an aerobic process in which bacteria <br>{{procontable | pro=- Relatively straightforward to set up and other organisms feed on organic material and decompose it. Composting (one material) maintain with appropriate training <br>- Provides a valuable resource that can improve local agriculture and cofood production <br>-composting (two or more materials) represent generally accepted procedures to treat excreta. To start the composting process, the blended compostable material A high removal of helminth eggs is placed in windrows possible (long or round piles< 1 viable egg/g TS). The `recipe' combines high<br>-carbon Can be built and high-nitrogen materials. Air is added to maintain aerobic conditions, either by turning the windrows or by forcing air through them. To adequately treat excreta together repaired with other organic locally available materials in windrows, the WHO (1989) recommends active windrow co<br>- Low capital and operating costs <br>-composting with other organic materials for one month at 55No electrical energy required| con= -60°C, followed by two to four months curing to stabilise the compost. This achieves an acceptable level of pathogen kill for targeted health values. Adding excreta, especially urine, to household organics produces compost with Requires a higher nutrient value large land area (Nthat is well located) <br>-PLong storage times <br>-K) than compost produced only from kitchen Requires expert design and garden wastes. Cooperation by skilled personnel <br>-composting integrates excreta and solid waste management, optimizing efficiency. Labour intensive <br>- Compost is too bulky to be economically transported over long distances}}

[[Image:Co===Appropriateness=== A co-compostingfacility is only appropriate when there is an available source of well-sorted biodegradable solid waste.PNG‎|thumb|right|150px|[[CoSolid waste containing plastics and garbage must first be sorted. When carefully done, co-composting |Co-composting]]can produce a clean, pleasant, beneficial soil conditioner. Since moisture plays an important role in Yemen (for creditsthe composting process, click the picture)]]covered facilities are especially recommended where there is heavy rainfall.

{| borderApart from technical considerations, composting only makes sense if there is a demand for the product (from paying customers). In order to find buyers, a consistent and good quality compost has to be produced; this depends on good initial sorting and a well-controlled thermophilic process. ="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" alignHealth Aspects/Acceptance==="center"|-Maintaining the temperature in the pile between 55 and 60 °C can reduce the pathogen load in sludge to a level safe to touch and work with. Although the finished compost can be safely handled, care should be taken when dealing with the sludge, regardless of the previous treatment. If the material is found to be dusty, workers should wear protective clothing and use appropriate respiratory equipment. Proper ventilation and dust control are important. ! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages=Operation & Maintenance=== ! style="backgroundThe mixture must be carefully designed so that it has the proper C:#ffdead;" | Disadvantages|N ratio, moisture and oxygen content. If facilities exist, it would be useful to monitor helminth egg inactivation as a proxy measure of sterilization. A well-trained staff is necessary for the operation and| valign="top" | Flexible approach with highly variable capacitymaintenance of the facility. Maintenance staff must carefully monitor the quality of the input material, and keep track of the inflows, outflows, turning schedules, and maturing times to ensure a high quality product. <br>Forced aeration systems must be carefully controlledToilet paper is decomposedand monitored. <br>Through coTurning must be periodically done with either a front-compostingend loader or by hand. Robust grinders for shredding large pieces of solid waste (i.e., small branches and coconut shells) and pile turners help to optimize the process, reduce manual labour, and ensure a useful and safe more homogenous end product is generated that combines nutrients . ===References and external links=== * Hoornweg, D., Thomas, L. and Otten, L. (2000). [http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/483421468740129529/pdf/multi0page.pdf Composting and organic materialIts Applicability in Developing Countries]. Urban Waste Management Working Paper Series No. 8. The World Bank, Washington, D.C., US. | valign="top" | Operation * Koné, D., Cofie, O., Zurbrügg, C., Gallizzi, K., Moser, D., Drescher, S. and Strauss, M. (2007). [https://ocw.un-ihe.org/pluginfile.php/4127/mod_resource/content/1/Helminth%20egg%20inactivation%20efficiency_Kone%20et%20al_WR41_2007.pdf Helminth Eggs Inactivation Efficiency by Faecal Sludge Dewatering and maintenance requires moderate professional experienceCo-Composting in Tropical Climates]. Water Research 41 (19): 4397-4402. <br>Limited control * Obeng, L. A. and Wright, F. W. (1987). [https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Obeng-1987-Domestic.pdf Integrated Resource Recovery. The Co-Composting of vectors Domestic Solid and Human Wastes]. The World Bank and pest attractionUNDP, Washington, D.C. <br>Lower cost variants have a high land requirement, US.|}

== Costs ==* Rouse, J., Rothenberger, S. and Zurbrügg, C. (2008): Marketing Compost, a Guide for Compost Producers in Low and Middle-Income Countries. Eawag (Department Sandec), Dübendorf, CH.:Available at: [http://www.sandec.ch sandec.ch]

* Operation costs US$ 5-30 /ton composted material Strande, L., Ronteltap, M. and Brdjanovic, D. (Eds.) (costs are higher on smaller sites2014). * Capital costs [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge- Depend on scalehub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3591 Faecal Sludge Management. Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation]. IWA Publishing, space availableLondon, and design choicesUK. (Detailed book compiling the current state of knowledge on all aspects related to FSM)

== Applying conditions ==<ul><li>The type of material* Strauss, M., Drescher, S., Zurbrügg, the climateC., the amount of space and the equipment and funds available all influence the system designMontangero, especially windrow type and sizeA., recipeCofie, O. and level of technologyDrechsel, P. (2003). <[https:/li><li>Special measures, such as more frequent turning or covering the piles can accommodate extremes of climate or temperature/www.susana. <org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/li><li>details/1548 Co-Composting is a bioof Faecal Sludge and Municipal Organic Waste]. A Literature and State-of-chemical processKnowledge Review. Eawag (Department Sandec), not a bio-mechanical oneDübendorf, CH and as such requires experience and practical knowledgeIWMI, Accra, together with a high level of managementGH.</li></ul>

== External links =Acknowledgements===* General information about Co-composting [http://www.ecosanres.org www.ecosanres.org ]* General information [http://www.gtz.de/ecosan www.gtz.de/ecosan ]* General information [http://www.sandec.ch www.sandec.ch ]* General information [http{{://www.waste.nl www.waste.nl ]Acknowledgements Sanitation}}

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