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'''Ion Exchange''' has long been used as a water-softening process, although usually on a single-home basis. Traditional anion exchange is effective in removing As(V), but not As (III), or arsenic trioxide, which doesn't have a net charge. Effective long-term ion exchange removal of arsenic requires a trained operator to maintain the column.
Both '''Reverse osmosis''' and '''electrodialysis''' (also called ''electrodialysis reversal'') can remove arsenic with a net ionic charge. (Note that arsenic oxide, As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, is a common form of arsenic in groundwater that is soluble, but has no net charge.) Some utilities presently use one of these methods to reduce [[total dissolved solids]] and therefore improve taste. A problem with both methods is the production of high-salinity waste water, called brine, or concentrate, which then must be disposed of.
'''Subterranean Arsenic Removal (SAR) Technology''' [http://www.insituarsenic.org SAR Technology]
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==References==
*1 Smedley PL, Kinniburgh DG (2002). "A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters". Applied Geochemistry 17 (5): 517–568. doi:10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00018-5.
*2 Mukherjee A., Sengupta M. K., Hossain M. A. (2006). "Arsenic contamination in groundwater: A global perspective with emphasis on the Asian scenario". Journal of Health Population and Nutrition 24 (2): 142–163.
*3 Chowdhury U. K., Biswas B. K., Chowdhury T. R. (2000). "Groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India". Environmental Health Perspectives (Brogan &) 108 (4): 393–397. doi:10.2307/3454378. JSTOR 3454378.
*4 Jaymie R. Meliker, Arsenic in drinking water and cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and kidney disease in Michigan: a standardized mortality ratio analysis Environmental Health Magazine. Volume 2:4. 2007. Accessed 9 Sept. 2008.
*5 Ana Navas-Acien, "Arsenic Exposure and Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in US Adults," Journal of American Medical Association, v.300, n.7 (August 2008).
*6 Singh A. K. (2006). "Chemistry of arsenic in groundwater of Ganges-Brahmaputra river basin". Current Science 91 (5): 599–606.
*7 David Bradley, "Drinking the water of death", The Guardian, 5 January 1995
*8 Amit Chatterjee, Dipankar Das, Badal K. Mandal, Tarit Roy Chowdhury, Gautam Samanta and Dipankar Chakraborti (1995). "Arsenic in ground water in six districts of West Bengal, India: the biggest arsenic calamity in the world. Part I. Arsenic species in drinking water and urine of the affected people". Analyst 120 (3): 643–651. doi:10.1039/AN9952000643.
*9 Dipankar Das, Amit Chatterjee, Badal K. Mandal, Gautam Samanta, Dipankar Chakraborti and Bhabatosh Chanda (1995). "Arsenic in ground water in six districts of West Bengal, India: the biggest arsenic calamity in the world. Part 2. Arsenic concentration in drinking water, hair, nails, urine, skin-scale and liver tissue (biopsy) of the affected people". Analyst 120 (3): 917–925. doi:10.1039/AN9952000917. PMID 7741255.
*10 New Scientist, Interview: Drinking at the west's toxic well 31 May 2006.
*11 a b The Times of India, 'Use surface water. Stop digging', interview, 26 Sep, 2004.
*12 a b World Health Organization, Arsenic in Drinking Water, accessed 5 Feb 2007.
*13 P.L. Smedley, D.G. Kinniburgh, D.M.J. Macdonald, H.B. Nicolli, A.J. Barros, J.O. Tullio, J.M. Pearce, M.S. Alonso "Arsenic associations in sediments from the loess aquifer of La Pampa, Argentina" Applied Geochemistry 20 (2005) 989–1016. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.10.005
*14 Twarakavi, N. K. C., Kaluarachchi, J. J. (2006). "Arsenic in the shallow ground waters of conterminous United States: assessment, health risks, and costs for MCL compliance". Journal of American Water Resources Association 42 (2): 275–294. doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2006.tb03838.x.
*15 Frederick Rubel Jr. and Steven W. Hathaway (1985) Pilot Study for removal of arsenic from drinking water at the Fallon, Nevada, Naval Air Station, Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/S2-85/094.
*16 M. Taqueer A. Qureshi (1995) Sources of Arsenic in the Verde River and Salt River Watersheds, Arizona, M.S. thesis, Arizona State University, Tempe.
*17 The history of arsenic regulation, Southwest Hydrology, May/June 2002, p.16.
*18 EPA announces arsenic standard for drinking water of 10 parts per billion, EPA press release, 10/31/2001.
*19 Alison Bohlen (2002) States move forward to meet new arsenic standard, Southwest Hydrology, May/June 2002, p.18-19.
*20 Megan A. Ferguson and others, Lowering the detection limit for arsenic: implications for a future practical quantitation limit, American Water Works Association Journal, Aug. 2007, p.92-98.
==External links==
*[http://www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/OPs/Moinuddin/MoinuddinOP.pdf ''Drinking Death in Groundwater: Arsenic Contamination as a Threat to Water Security for Bangladesh''], ACDIS Occasional Paper by Mustafa Moinuddin
*[http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/archive/2010/Title,51258,en.html St Andrews Prize for Environment 2010]
*[http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwaterArsenic contamination of groundwater] wikipedia Wikipedia, March 2012