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sys1=[[Single Pit System|1]]|
sys2=[[Pour Flush Biogas System with Twin Pits|35]]|sys3=[[Blackwater Treatment System with Infiltration|56]]|sys4=[[Blackwater Treatment System with SewerageEffluent Transport|67]]|sys5=[[Blackwater Transport to (Semi-) Centralized Treatment System|78]]| sys6=[[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion|89]]|
sys7=|
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sys9=|
pic=Land_application_of_sludge.png|
ApplHousehold=|
ManShared=XX|
ManPublic=XX|
Input1=Treated Sludge |Input2= |Input3=| Input4=|Input5=|Output1= Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
}}
|[[Image:Land_application_of_sludge.png |right|500px]]
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[[Image:Icon_land_application_of_sludge.png |right|80px]]
'''Depending on the treatment type and quality, digested or stabilized sludge can be applied to public or private lands for landscaping or agriculture.'''
===Design Considerations===
Solids are spread on the ground surface using conventional manure spreaders, tank trucks or specially designed vehicles. Liquid sludge
(e.g., from anaerobic reactors) can be sprayed onto or injected into the ground. Application rates and usage of sludge should take into
account the presence of pathogens and contaminants, and the quantity of nutrients available so that it is used at a sustainable and agronomic rate.
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{{procontable | pro=
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===Appropriateness===
Although sludge is sometimes criticized for containing potentially high levels of metals or contaminants, commercial fertilizers are also contaminated to varying degrees, most likely with cadmium or other heavy metals. Faecal sludge from pit latrines should not have any chemical inputs and is, therefore, not a high risk source of heavy metal contamination. Sludge that originates at large-scale wastewater treatment plants is more likely to be contaminated since it receives industrial and domestic chemicals, as well as surface water runoff,
which may contain hydrocarbons and metals. Depending on the source, sludge can serve as a valuable and often much-needed source of nutrients. Application of sludge on land may be less expensive than disposal.
==Adequacy== Although biosolids are sometimes criticized for containing potentially high levels of metals or contaminants, commercial fertilizers are also contaminated to varying degrees, most likely with cadmium or other heavy metals. Faecal sludge from pit latrines has no, if any, chemical inputs and is therefore not a high risk source of contamination. Faecal sludge that originates at large-scale wastewater treatment plants is more likely to be contaminated since it receives industrial and domestic chemicals, as well as surface water run-off which may contain hydrocarbons and metals. Depending on the sludge source, biosolids can serve as a valuable and often much-needed source of nutrients. Land application of biosolids may be less expensive than disposal. Application rates and usages for biosolids should take into account not only the presence of pathogens and contaminants, but also the quantity of nutrients such that they are spread at a sustainable and ‘agronomic’ rate. Appropriate safety and application regulations should be followed. ==Health Aspects/Acceptance=== The greatest barrier to biosolid the use of sludge is , generally , acceptance. However, even when biosolids are sludge is not accepted in by agriculture or by local industries, they it can still be useful for municipal projects and can actually provide significant savings to public projects (e.g. , mine reclamation). Depending on the source of the faecal sludge and on the treatment method, biosolids it can be treated to a level where they are it is generally safe and without no longer generates significant odour or vector problems. Following appropriate safety and application regulations is important. WHO guidelineson excreta use in agriculture should be consulted for detailed information.
===Operation & Maintenance=== Spreading equipment must be maintained to ensure continued use. The amount and rate of sludge application should be monitoredto prevent overloading and, thus, the potential for nutrient pollution. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing.
* U.S. EPA (1999). [https://www.epa.gov/biosolids/biosolids-generation-use-and-disposal-united-states Biosolids Generation, Use, and Disposal in the United States]. EPA-530/R-99-009. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., US.
* Elizabeth Tilley et.al WHO (20082006). [httphttps://www.eawagwho.chint/organisationwater_sanitation_health/abteilungenpublications/sandecgsuweg4/publikationenen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium Guidelines for the Safe Use of Sanitation Systems Wastewater, Excreta and Technologies] ([httpGreywater. Volume 4://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water Excreta and Sanitation Greywater Use in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ SandecAgriculture]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systemsWorld Health Organization, Geneva, CH.)
* U[http://www.Swho. EPA (1999). Biosolids Generation, Use, and Disposal in the United States, EPAint/water_sanitation_health/publications/guidelines-on-530/Rsanitation-99and-009. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, D.C. Available: http:health/en/www.epa.govWHO: Guidelines on sanitation and health - 2018]