Changes

水力噴射－EMAS方法

515 bytes removed, 13:43, 10 November 2015

no edit summary

{|style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 1px; text-align: center; background-color: #efefef" align="center" width="70%"

|-

! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas2.png|thumb|center|200px|Setting up the light-weight drill tower.設立輕量級鑽塔。]]! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas4.png|thumb|center|200px|Installing the lever, used to move the drill stem up and down.安裝用來控制鑽桿上下移動的操作桿。]]! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas3.png|thumb|center|200px|Drilling in process: one person operates the lever, one person guides the drill stem and rotates it, the third person operates the mud pump.鑽井過程中：一人執行操作桿，另一人操縱及旋轉鑽桿，第三人則操縱泥泵。]]! scope="col" |[[Image:Emas8.png|thumb|center|200px|Putting in an EMAS flexi-pump.置入EMAS的彈性泵。]]

|-

|[[Image:Emas7.png|thumb|center|200px|Wetting the cement for the pump base.打濕泵基部之水泥。]]|[[Image:Emas5.png|thumb|center|200px|The mud pump in close-up.封起泥泵。]]|[[Image:Emas6.png|thumb|center|200px|The well screen, slits cut with saw, end capped. Later, a sock is pulled around the screen.井的濾管以鋸子切出縫隙，尾端加蓋。之後，將一隻襪子纏繞於濾管上。]]|[[Image:Emas9.png|thumb|center|200px|After the well screen is put in the well, the well is developed by a special tool.井裝上濾管後接著使用特殊工具開發。]]

|}

===Costs花費===An EMAS drilling rig, fit to drill holes up to 30 m deep, can be built in Bolivia for about US$ 600 - 800. This includes the tower, mud pump and all essential non-common tools to operate and maintain it. 適用於最深30公尺之EMAS鑽井設備，在玻利維亞造價約為600至800美元。此花費也包含鑽塔、泥泵及所有用於營運及維護鑽井的罕見工具。

In most cases, the tube well is combined with an 多數情況下，管井結合了[[EMAS pump|EMAS hand pumpEMAS手泵]]. In that case, the total cost per meter, including labor, materials, hand pump and 1 year warranty, in Bolivia amounts to between 4 and 10 US$. The standard price is between 5 and 6 Dollars per meter.。在玻利維亞，每公尺的總成本在4至10美元之間，包含勞力、材料、手泵，以及一年保固。而標準價格則為每公尺5至6美元。

That price is calculated in 3 parts. Taking 6$ as basis, 2$ are for the material and hand pump (a hand pump is normally included in a well deeper than 20 meters), 2$ are for the wage of the two drillers (including also the maintenance of the equipment) and 2$ in the creation ofa reserve fund in case there is no water or not enough water found, salty water found or a drilling mistake is made such as a broken drill stem, the wrong filter sleeve, etc.Normally, for the price of 5$ a 1 year warrantee is given in case that the sand remains after 4 weeks use. 此價格以三部分來計算。以6美元為基準，2美元為材料及手泵費（如果井深為20公尺則包含水泵），2美元為兩名鑽井工人之薪資（包含維護器具費用），2美元作為儲備基金以應對沒水、只有鹹水、或是鑽井錯誤以致鑽桿壞損或裝錯過濾套等情況。一般而言，5美元的價格會附加一年保固，以防使用四個星期後有留下沙子的情況。

The average well depth in Bolivia is around 27 meters, and costs approx. US$ 180 including an 玻利維亞的井深平均約27公尺，含[[EMAS pump|EMAS hand pumpEMAS手泵]]. This makes a surface covering supply of drinking water possible for municipalities and families in rural areas.成本約180美元。此價格使得農村能加建井的蓋子，市鎮政府及家庭們因而能有飲用水。

===Field experiences實地經驗===The EMAS method is mainly used in Bolivia, Panama, Ecuador, Paraguay, Brazil, Peru, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Eritrea and Sri Lanka.EMAS方法多使用於玻利維亞、巴拿馬、厄瓜多爾、巴拉圭、巴西、秘魯、宏都拉斯、尼加拉瓜、薩爾瓦多、瓜地馬拉、厄立特里亞及斯里蘭卡。

===Manuals, videos and links指南、影片及連結===EMAS has produced a set of DVDs which cover, among others, EMAS drilling and other low cost water supply techniques. Contact Wolfgang Buchner in Bolivia at emasEMAS製作了一套DVD，內容包含EMAS鑽井及其他低成本的供水技術。如需訂購此DVD，請來信至emas@entelnet.bo or emasbo或emas@ceibo.entelnet.bo if you would like to order a copy of the movies on DVD.bo聯絡位於玻利維亞的沃夫岡・布赫納。

EMAS manual well drilling is a method for drilling small-diameter tube wells by hand. The drilling method is a hybrid between washboring, percussion and rotary drilling. It permits to drill through all kinds of loose soils, as well as consolidated materials and light rock. It will not, however, penetrate hard original rock or boulders (e.g. ancient river beds underground). The usual diameter of the tube well is 37 mm. Movies made by Wolfgang Buchner.EMAS手工鑽井是以手鑽鑿小孔徑管井的方法，融合了沖激鑽探、衝擊鑽法以及迴旋鑽井技術。這使各種鬆土、綜合材料及輕石皆可被鑽鑿到。但鑽槓無法穿過硬原岩及卵礫石（如：地下的古老河床）。管井直徑一般為37毫米。影片由沃夫岡・布赫納製作。

* Collection of [https://vimeo.com/emas EMAS movies] on different EMAS subjects.

• ← Older edit
• Newer edit →

Acho083

55

edits