Changes

水力喷射 — 综述

218 bytes added, 06:03, 7 November 2015
no edit summary
{{Language-box|english_link= Jetting - general | french_link= Coming soon | spanish_link= Coming soon | hindi_link= Coming soon | malayalam_link= Coming soon | tamil_link= Coming soon | korean_link= Coming soon | chinese_link=水力喷射 — 综述 | indonesian_link= Coming soon | japanese_link= Coming soon }}
[[Image:Jetting icon.png|right|80px]]
__NOTOC__ <small-title />水力喷射是基于水循环和水压原理的一种方法。与生成淤泥相反,这一方法是将水泵到钻管下方,将“泥浆”(水与钻屑)向上输送至钻管和井壁之间的探孔中。并且,运用马达泵来获得适当的水流。钻管可能只有一端有开口,或者可以增加一个钻头。可使用部分或完全转动的钻管。也可在水中加增稠剂(添加剂),防止洞口塌陷并减少作业用水(钻井液)的流失。水力喷射是基于水循环和水压原理的一种方法。与生成淤泥相反,这一方法是将水泵到钻管下方,将“泥浆”(水与钻屑)向上输送至钻管和井壁之间的井眼中。并且,运用马达泵来获得适当的水流。钻管可只有一端有开口,或者可以增加一个钻头。可使用部分或完全转动的钻管。也可在水中加增稠剂(添加剂),防止洞口塌陷并减少作业用水(钻井液)的流失。
水力喷射法的使用方式多样。最简易的是利用马达泵制造水压,将塑料管压下(不用钻头或旋转,而利用水流将沙子喷射上来),但深度有限(无钻头或可伸长的管子)。其它方法利用了可伸长的塑料管或电镀管,使用钻头,且在钻井中进行旋转。使用这些方法,可以达到更深的深度。
|-
| valign="top" | - 在细砂或中粒砂的地质构造中,钻井很快。<br>
| valign="top" | - 通常仅限用于沙质土壤。虽然也可以穿透软质黏土,但是速度非常慢,而且粗碎石及其它透水性强的物质(地质构造中的裂隙)会导致钻井用水流失,因而无法钻井。由于水压作用,探孔会保持敞开。为了防止塌陷,利用液体钻取的探孔在整个钻井和装井过程中必须保持满水状态。通常仅限用于沙质土壤。虽然也可以穿透软质黏土,但是速度非常慢,而且粗碎石及其它透水性强的物质(地质构造中的裂隙)会导致钻井用水流失,因而无法钻井。由于水压作用,井眼会保持敞开。为了防止塌陷,利用液体钻取的井眼在整个钻井和装井过程中必须保持满水状态。<br>- 钻井点需要大量的作业用水(每小时数桶200升的水)。钻井和装井需要在同一天完成。如果留下探孔敞开过夜则很可能有塌陷的危险。钻井点需要大量的作业用水(每小时数桶200升的水)。钻井和装井需要在同一天完成。如果留下井眼敞开过夜则很可能有塌陷的危险。<br>- 使用大量水、利用钻井液使钻井更深以及运用马达泵都会使设备成本相对高昂。使用大量水、利用钻井液更深入钻井,及运用马达泵都会使设备成本相对高昂。<br>
|}
[[Image:Jetting.jpg|thumb|right|200px|水力喷射法。图片来源:WEDC.]]
All drilling equipment, except the motor pump and some valves, is locally produced.除了马达泵和一些阀门外,所有的钻井设备都由当地生产。
===实地经验===
===指南、视频与链接===
* [http://www.unicef.org/malawi/MLW_resources_qualityassureboreholes.pdf CONSULTANCY SERVICES: QUALITY ASSURANCE OF UNICEF DRILLING PROGRAMES FOR BOREHOLES IN MALAWI顾问服务:UNICEF(联合国儿童基金会)马拉维井眼项目质量把控] UNICEF, 2011.
* Robert Vuik, [http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/drilling%20manuals/EN/Jetting%20manual%20drilling%20PRACTICA%20EN.pdf Jetting: Manual Drilling Series, TECHNICAL TRAINING HANDBOOK ON AFFORDABLE MANUAL WELL DRILLING水力喷射:人工钻井系列,平价人工钻井技术培训指南]. Practica Foundation, June 2010实践基金会(Practica Foundation),2010年6月. French version: 法语版:[http://www.practica.org/wp-content/uploads/services/publications/drilling%20manuals/FR/Jetting%20manual%20drilling%20PRACTICA%20FR.pdf FORAGE AU LANCAGE A L’EAU].
* [http://www.lifewater.ca/resources.htm Lifewater Resources(生命之水)资源] on hydrogeology, well construction, all drilling techniques, hand pumps and more关于水文地质学、筑井、所有钻井技术、手动泵,等. Lifewater Canada, update 2004Canada(加拿大生命之水),2004年更新.
* [http://www.wellspringafrica.org Manuals指南] on Percussion drilling, well construction, manufacturing tools关于冲击钻井、筑井与制造工具. Cliff Missen, Wellspring Africa, draft 4Africa(非洲泉源组织),第四稿.
* [http://ghanawashproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/36_Conference_Paper_Manual-Drilling_Ghana_Naugle-1.pdf Professionalization of Manual Drilling in Ghana加纳专业化人工钻井.] Ghana WASH Project, Ghana加纳WASH(水、环境卫生与个人卫生)项目,加纳.
* [http://docs.watsan.net/Scanned_PDF_Files/Class_Code_2_Water/212.5-79WE-7794-1.pdf Wells Construction: Hand dug and Hand drilled筑井:手工挖掘井与手工钻井.] Richard Brush, Peace Corps 1980和平队1980.
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5567E/x5567e00.HTM Self-help wells自助水井修建.] R.G. Koegel, FAO 1985FAO(联合国粮食与农业组织)1985.
* [http://www.worldcat.org/title/shallow-wells/oclc/008463099 Shallow Wells浅井.] DHV Consulting Engineers, 1978DHV顾问工程师,1978.
* [http://www.watersanitationhygiene.org/References/EH_KEY_REFERENCES/WATER/Drilling/Hand%20Drilled%20Boreholes/Human%20Powered%20Drilling%20%28Cranfield%20University%29.pdf Human-Powered Drilling Technologies人力钻井技术.] Richard Carter, Cranfield University, 2005.
* [http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/resources/details/148 Drilling Boreholes for Hand pumps用手动泵钻取井眼.] Peter Wurzel, SKAT Switzerland, 2001 - A book on hydrogeology, well construction, drilling techniques, well development瑞士,2001 — 这是一本关于水文地质学、修建水井、钻井技术与扩井工程的书.
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/w7314e/w7314e0v.htm Low-cost shallow tube well construction in West Africa西非低成本浅管井建设.] M. Sonau, FAO - An overview of shallow tube well drilling techniques(联合国粮农组织)— 钻取浅管井技术概述.
* [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf Technical note 技术说明 43. Simple drilling methods简易钻井方法.] Bob Elson and Rod Elson与Rod Shaw, WEDC.
* [http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/Wat_e.pdf A Water Handbook, Technical Guidelines Series水利指南,技术指南系列.] UNICEF, 1999 - Programming and implementationUNICEF(联合国儿童基金会),1999 — 规划与实施.
* [http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/technology_notes_2011.pdf Technology notes, section 7; Tube wells and boreholes技术说明,第七部分;管井与井眼.] WaterAid - An overview of human-powered drilling technologiesWaterAid(水援助组织)— 人力钻井技术概述.
* [http://www.lifewater.org/resources/rws2/rws2d3.pdf Water for the World, Technical note series rws 2: Designing Jetted Wells世界之水,技术说明系列rws 2:喷射钻井设计.] USAID 1982 - Developing groundwater and manual drilling techniques— 开发地下水与人工钻井技术.
* [http://www.enterpriseworks.org/display.cfm?id=5&sub=23&cont=60 Understanding low-cost Well Drilling了解低成本钻井.] Stephen Greenwood, Technical paper 61技术论文61, VITA - Manuals on well-drilling— 钻井指南.
* Lots of articles on 关于[http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/implementation/manual-drilling/well-jetting-washboring-or-hand-turning Jetting喷射钻井]的大量文章.] Rural Water Supply NetworkNetwork(农村给水组织).
* [http://www.pat-drill.com PAT-Drill钻井] - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines— 发动机驱动的钻井设备与小型机器.
* [http://www.lonestarbit.com Lone Star BitBit(孤星钻头)] - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines— 发动机驱动的钻井设备与小型机器.
* [http://www.deeprock.com Deep RockRock(深石)] - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines— 发动机驱动的钻井设备与小型机器.
* [http://www.drillingfab.com DrillingfabDrillingfab(绝好钻井).] - Engine powered drilling equipment and small machines— 发动机驱动的钻井设备与小型机器.
===鸣谢===
* [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf 43. 简易钻井方法.] WEDC.
307
edits