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Revision as of 20:44, 28 November 2015 by Minakshi (talk | contribs)

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Springwater icon.png
बुसिया के संरक्षित झरने से पानी इकट्ठा करता एक केन्याई लड़का.
फोटो : द अब्दुल लतीफ जमील पोवर्टी एक्शन लैब.
लमहाई, नेपाल में झरने का पानी इकट्ठा करते बच्चे. फोटो : डब्लूडब्लूएफ.

ऐसे कई तंत्र विकसित किये गये हैं जिससे धारे-चश्मे से पानी प्राप्त किया जा सकता है. इनमें से सबसे आम तरीका है एक स्प्रिंग बॉक्स तैयार करना, मगर बिना बक्से वाला भी एक डिजाइन है जिसकी लागत कम आती है और उसे बनाना कहीं सहज है.धारे-चश्मे की सुरक्षा बिना बॉक्स से करना कहीं सस्ता है बनिस्पत एक कुआं खोदने या गड्ढा करने से, मगर स्प्रिंग बॉक्स कई अधिक उपयोगी होते हैं, जब मांग बहाव से अधिक होती है, प्रदूषण से बचाना होता है, और धारे-चश्मे के पानी को पाइप में आसानी से बहाना होता है.

अक्सर, ग्रामीण इलाके में, स्रोत-धारे के पास केंद्रीय वाटर फिल्टर लगाया जाता है, जहां से पानी कई घरों तक पहुंचाया जाता है. अमूमन ऐसी जगह असुरक्षित होती है, घंटों उसे कोई देखने वाला नहीं होता है और पेयजल के इस स्रोत में कई दफा सूअर भी लेटते दिख जाते हैं. अक्सर, धारे-चश्मे का बहाव कम होता है और उसे पाइप के जरिये वितरित करना मुश्किल साबित होने लगता है. ऐसी जगहों में, बुद्धिमानी की बात यही होती है कि धारे-चश्मे के कुएं की सुरक्षा की जाये और मैनुअल पंप स्थापित किया जाये. यह पानी को साफ रखता है, और जलापूर्ति को बढ़ा सकता है. एक बार धारे-चश्मे का संरक्षण कर लिया जाये तो पानी को पाइप में बहाना (अगर बहाव बड़ी हो) और नल लगाना आसान हो जाता है. अगर मुमकिन हो तो गुरुत्वाकर्षण का इस्तेमाल करके बहाव को गति दी जा सकती है, और समुदाय के करीब पहुंचाया जा सकता है.

Contents

अनुकूल स्थितियां

यह सिस्टम छोटे धारे-चश्मे के पास स्थित जल स्रोत के लिए अनुकूल होता है. यह बहाव की दर, फिल्टर के आकार, जल की मांग और अन्य परिस्थितियों के आधार पर लागू किया जा सकता है.

अतः इस हिसाब से : अगर किसी धारे-चश्मे से पानी बिना स्प्रिंग बॉक्स की मदद के जमा और संरक्षित किया जा सके, अगर गाद जमा न होता हो और पानी सिर्फ कम मात्रा में ठोस अपशिष्ट ही लाता हो, अगर सर्वाधिक मांग वाली अवधि में भी पानी का बहाव समुचित हो, तो स्प्रिंग बॉक्स की कोई जरूरत नहीं है.

प्रदूषण जांच और नियंत्रण

यह जानने के लिए कि क्या झरना सुरक्षित है, धारे-चश्मे के असली स्रोत का पता लगाना चाहिये- कहां से यह धरती पर आता है- और इसके लिए तीन सवालों का जवाब तलाशना चाहिये :

  • क्या धारे-चश्मे की सतह से ऊपर कोई धारा या भूजल जमीन के नीचे चला जा रहा है? अगर ऐसा है, तो झरना वही सतही जल है जो पास में कहीं जमीन के अंदर चला गया है. इस परिस्थिति में यह प्रदूषित हो सकता है या सिर्फ बारिश के दिनों में ही बह सकता है.
  • क्या धारे-चश्मे के ऊपर वाले चट्टान में काफी खुली जगह है? अगर हां तो भारी बारिश के बाद धारे-चश्मे के पानी की जांच करना चाहिये. अगर यह बहुत गंदा या मटमैला लग रहा है तो इसका मतलब यह है कि यह धरातल से प्रदूषित हो रहा है.
  • क्या धारे-चश्मे के स्रोत से ऊपर इसके मानवीय या पशु के मल से प्रदूषित होने की आशंका है? इसमें पालतू पशुओं का चारा, गड्ढे वाला शौचालय, सैप्टिक टंकी और दूसरी मानवीय गतिविधियां भी हो सकती हैं.
  • क्या धारे-चश्मे के 15 मीटर के दायरे में मिट्टी काफी भुरभुरी है? यह भूजल को भी प्रदूषित कर सकता है.
Advantages Disadvantages
- Spring water has good quality and may not need treatment

- When taken by gravity, operation & maintenance costs reduce due to no need for pumping

- Water available is limited to spring yield

Resilience to changes in the environment

Drought

Effects of drought: Can dry up.
Underlying causes of effects: Less recharge of aquifer due to less rainfall; Size of aquifers limited; Increasing population and water demand.
To increase resiliency of WASH system: Improve flow by excavating carefully at spring eyes; A holding reservoir can be constructed to bridge peak demand, or a lined pond provides a way to store larger quantities during all the hours of flow; Design for dry season flow rates.

More information on managing drought: Resilient WASH systems in drought-prone areas.

Floods

Heavy surface flows may damage a spring box (that was poorly constructed) or its surrounding protections, and create more turbidity in the springwater.

Construction, operation and maintenance

General advice on cement: A common cause of cracks in structures and linings (e.g. in tanks, dams, waterways, wells) is errors in mixing and applying the cement. First of all, it is important that only pure ingredients are used: clean water, clean sand, clean rocks. The materials have to be mixed very thoroughly. Secondly, the amount of water during mixing needs to minimal: the concrete or cement needs to be just workable, on the dry side even, and not fluid. Thirdly, it is essential that during curing the cement or concrete is kept moist at all times, for at least a week. Structures should be covered with plastic, large leaves or other materials during the curing period, and kept wet regularly.

Construct a spring:

Click to zoom. A spring box with 1 side cut away, showing the inner mechanics.
Click image for details. Drawing: PACE, Spring protection.
Click to zoom. A finished spring with a fence for protection.
Click image for details. Drawing: PACE, Spring protection.

A spring box (or spring protection only) is very easy and cheap to build. It can be adapted to different water sources by altering the design slightly.

First you must clean the filter from any loose material (sticks, stones, garbage, etc) and dig out the mud so there is enough space. Then place one or more ferrocement tanks in the hole. The tanks have bore holes through which water flows in. Around the tank, build a filter of arranged large stones. This space is then filled with water and it serves as an additional reservoir. Then attach the guide pipe to the tank, into which the pump will later be placed.

On top of the large stones, place a layer of small stones, and then gravel. Then the surface must be flattened and a polyethylene film (nylon, oilcloth) arranged on it. On top of this, refill the hole with earth. The earth should be made wet so it becomes compact and stable. This earth must then be covered with another waterproof layer, such as cement. The surface should be slightly sloped, to avoid stagnant waters. To prevent stones turning loose, spread an additional cement layer, mainly around the pump, so no infiltration fissures may appear. For an additional platform for the pump, an old tire may be used. Finally introduce the pump into the guide pipe.

If the spring is larger, it can be protected by an arch over the spring eye (where the water first comes out). Instead of the ferro cement tank, build a cavern with stones or with bricks. Usually, an arched board is used, on which stones are arranged. With this mold, you move forward line by line along the board. When the stones of each segment have been arranged, a cement mortar is spread in the space between stones or bricks, to fix the arch or vault. Also, for areas of water scarcity, any unused overflow water can be captured and stored in a pond or tank with impermeable lining to be used for irrigation purposes as and when needed.

Maintenance

Spring boxes need to be monitored to ensure that the spring continues to provide safe water. Silt, leaves, dead animals and other things can collect in the pipes and spring box and block the pipes or contaminate the water. Putting a wire screen on the pipe leading into the spring box will prevent unsafe things from entering pipes. Cleaning the screen every now and again will ensure a steady flow of water.

Other considerations

A fence should be constructed 10m above spring eye and around the water collection area to keep out animals. A cut-off drain 10m above the spring eye will reduce possible contaminated runoff from reaching the spring eye. Planting trees near the spring will protect it even more, prevent erosion, and make it a more pleasant place to collect water.

A holding reservoir is not always necessary. It can be constructed if dry season flow rate is insufficient to meet peak demand from users, or it might be a wise investment with decreasing reliability of spring flows. Size of reservoir to be determined according to balance between constant inflow and peak outflow rates.

Try to take water away from spring eye to avoid damaging it by back pressure or foundation works. Water ideally should be taken downhill from spring eye to an outlet.

An effective hand pump that can be used to extract water from a spring is an EMAS pump. EMAS is the acronym for Escuela Móvil de Agua y Saneamiento (Mobile School for Water and Sanitation), in Bolivia, whose director, Wolfgang Eloy Buchner, developed the EMAS pump in the 1990's. EMAS is not only the name of the mobile school for water and sanitation, but also a whole technical and social concept of water and sanitation which includes rain water harvesting, solar water heaters, windpower, hydraulic rams, water treatment, small tanks and sinks, a variety of hand and foot pumps, and ferrocement tanks. The aim of the technologies and systems is to achieve the necessary supply of drinkable water, and water for micro irrigation in rural and sub urban areas. VIDEO: [ EMAS system of pumping.]

Costs

In remote areas, use of plastic tanks can save money and labour days. 10 years of experience in Lao PDR showed that the best compromise between quality and amount of work was to make the intake with concrete, all tanks (sedimentation, break pressure or reservoir) from plastic tanks buried underground, and concrete tapstands. Using a combination of plastic and concrete (rather than only concrete for everything) saved about half the number of labour days. In terms of cost, the combination option was 8% more expensive but cheaper if free village labour was factored in.

Field experiences

In the sub-urban areas of Kampala city, springs are a major source of water for domestic use. Though spring water is considered to be aesthetically acceptable for domestic use, presence of poorly designed pit latrines, poor solid waste management as well as poor and inadequate spring protection, may lead to contamination of spring water with pathogenic bacteria.

Read more on this study in Uganda: The quality of water from protected springs in Katwe and Kisenyi parishes, Kampala city, Uganda.


Akvorsr logo lite.png
RSR Project 388
WASH Alliance project, AMREF in Ethiopia
RSR Project 703
MWA-LAP:
Mexico



Manuals, videos and links

Spring catchment
EMAS system of pumping

Acknowledgements