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New page: __NOTOC__ In many rural areas where infrastructure is poor, finding solutions for contaminated drinking water is difficult. Here dilute chlorine solution is often sold in bottles to be u...
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In many rural areas where infrastructure is poor, finding solutions for contaminated drinking water is difficult. Here dilute chlorine solution is often sold in bottles to be used at a household level to disinfect water. For more information about water disinfection using chlorine see [[Chlorine (Sodium Hypochlorite) ]] The costs of packaging and distributing these bottles however are very high. Because of this, chlorine disinfection is unaffordable for most rural households, though the cost of the actual chlorine is only around 5% of the price of the bottle. It is therefore much more efficient for the chlorine to be bought in bulk and placed in dispensers at local water sources.
{{procontable | pro=
- Convenient as chlorine is available at the water source <br>
- Very cost effective <br>
- Easy to refill and maintain <br>
- Dispenser and valve are long lasting
- stimulates education about and improvement of hygiene and water treatment habits. <br>
- Dispensers cannot be easily manufactured by local community.
| con=
}}
==History and social context==
Chlorine has been used to disinfect drinking water for over a century in central pipelines and in individual households. However since the costs of this are extremely high and not all communities have the necessary infrastructure, IPA developed chlorine dispensers to be installed at communal water points.
It has so far only been installed in Kenya, however IPA is planning to scale up the program. It has the potential to work on a global scale as a solution to waterborne diseases. Studies show it improves health at a cost of 20$ per [[http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/metrics_daly/en/index.html DALY]] (disability adjusted life year). Approximately 100$ per DALY is considered very cost effective.
==Suitable conditions ==
==Technical specification==
====Operation====
A dispenser of dilute chlorine solution is installed on a fixed stand in a lockable box. Below the box is a dosing valve so users turn a knob and a specific dose of chlorine is released. This dose is appropriate to treat the amount of water usually collected. As the water is transported back home, there is contact time for the chlorine to act.
====Maintenance====
The dispensers need to be refilled regularly. Not much maintenance is required since the dispensers are made of plastic.
====Manufacturing====
====Estimated Lifespan====
==Cost==
$0.15 per person per year is the estimate. This is about a quarter of the cost of retailing chlorine.
==Country experiences==
It is currently being implemented in Kenya. 20 dispensers were installed at water points supplying water to around 5000 people in rural areas. Previously around 8% of households used chlorine to disinfect the water. A study 6 months after installation, showed 61% of households used chlorine and this number is still increasing
A study showed that 6 months after installation of the dispensers 61% of households disinfected water using chlorine, compared to 8% before installation.
More dispensers will soon be installed, at various locations such as schools, springs and urban sites.
==Manuals==
==Movies==
==Footnotes==
==Acknowledgements==
==References and External Links==