=== Residential Housing ===
Wastewater systems for housing generally require a three stage treatment process. The first stage uses a septic tank or other anaerobic process to remove much of the organic matter and solids by settling. The second treatment stage utilizes biological treatment where much of the remaining pollution is reduced through microbial action. Prior to discharge to the environment, the wastewater must be disinfected in the third stage of disinfection. Common treatment technologies for housing include the following: {| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 100%"|-| [[File:Septictank2.jpg|none|180px]]| style="text-align: center; width: 50%" | '''+'''| [[File:CW1.jpg|none|180px]]| style="text-align: center; width: 50%" | '''+'''| [[File:Uvlight2.png|none|180px]]|-| ''Primary Treatment''*[[Practitioner's Tool / Septic_Tanks|Septic Tank]]*[[Practitioner's Tool / Anaerobic_Baffled_Reactors_(ABRs)|Anaerobic Baffled Reactor]] | | ''Secondary Treatment''*[[Practitioner's Tool / Constructed_Wetlands|Constructed Wetland]]*[[Practitioner's Tool / Cocopeat_Filters|Biofilter]]*[[Technology|Aerobic Treatment]] | | ''Disinfection''*[[UV_Light_(Natural_Disinfection)|UV Radiation]]*[[Chlorination_(Chemical_Disinfection)|Chlorination]]*[[Ozonation_(Physical_Disinfection)|Ozonation]] |}
{| style="background-color: #efefef;" cellpadding="10"
|<font size="2">[[:File:Residentialcasestudy.pdf|Residential Case Studies (PDF)]]</font>
|}
=== Public Market ===
Public markets generate high strength wastewater. Flows from meat, fish and vegetable stalls, and public toilets contain high concentrations of solids and organic matter. Additionally, food preparation stalls generate grease as well as solids and organic matter. Wastewater systems for markets must be flexible enough to handle widely varying flow conditions, from almost no flow when the market is shut down, to peak flows on key market days. Public market wastewater systems require a four step process: pretreatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment and disinfection. Below are common technologies for public market wastewater systems:
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 100%"
|-
| [[File:Trashtrap2.jpg|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 33%" | '''+'''
| [[File:Abr1.jpg|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 33%" | '''+'''
| [[File:CW1.jpg|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 33%" | '''+'''
| [[File:Uvlight2.png|none|180px]]
|-
| ''Pretreatment''
*[[Markets|Trash Trap]]
*[[Food_Service_(Grease)|Grease Trap or Interceptor]]
|
| ''Primary Treatment''
*[[Anaerobic_Baffled_Reactors_(ABRs)|Anaerobic Baffled Reactor]]
*Upflow Anaerobic Filter
|
| ''Secondary Treatment''
*[[Constructed_Wetlands|Constructed Wetlands]]
*[[Technology|Aerobic Treatment]]
|
| ''Disinfection''
*[[UV_Light_(Natural_Disinfection)|UV Radiation]]
*[[Chlorination_(Chemical_Disinfection)|Chlorination]]
*[[Ozonation_(Physical_Disinfection)|Ozonation]]
|}
{| style="background-color: #efefef;" cellpadding="10"
|<font size="2">[[Public_Market_Case_Study|Market Case Studies]]</font>
|}
=== Slaughterhouse ===
Slaughterhouses generate very high strength wastewater. Flow conditions and additives of high volumes of disinfectant require robust wastewater treatment systems. Slaughterhouses use a four step wastewater treatment process: pretreatment/sequestration, primary treatment, secondary treatment, and disinfection. There are valuable byproducts that can be realized from slaughterhouse wastewater, including animal feeds from the collected blood, biogas from the waste digestion process, and fertilizer from the processed biosolids. Following are some technologies commonly used to treat slaughterhouse wastewater:
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 100%"
|-
| [[File:Cow.png|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 33%" | '''+'''
| [[File:Slaughter2.png|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 33%" | '''+'''
| [[File:CW1.jpg|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 33%" | '''+'''
| [[File:Uvlight2.png|none|180px]]
|-
| ''Pretreatment''
*Screen to Remove Solids
*Traps to Remove Blood
|
| ''Primary Treatment''
*Biodigester
*[[Types_of_Sewage_Lagoons|Anaerobic Sewage Lagoon]]
*Upflow Anaerobic Filter
|
| ''Secondary Treatment''
*[[Constructed_Wetlands|Constructed Wetlands]]
*[[Types_of_Sewage_Lagoons|Facultative/ Aerobic Lagoons]]
|
| ''Disinfection''
*[[UV_Light_(Natural_Disinfection)|UV Radiation]]
*[[Chlorination_(Chemical_Disinfection)|Chlorination]]
*[[Ozonation_(Physical_Disinfection)|Ozonation]]
|}
{| style="background-color: #efefef;" cellpadding="10"
|<font size="2">[[Talibon_Slaughterhouse_Wastewater_Retrofit|Slaughterhouse Case Studies]]</font>
|}
=== Hospitals and Healthcare ===
Medical facilities may have complex wastewater management requirements. Medical wastes from treatment and operating rooms and hazardous wastes from laboratories must be segregated and managed in separate licensed facilities. Food service and laundry operations will require appropriate pretreatment devices including grease and lint traps. Additionally, the use of disinfectants in large quantities may have an adverse impact upon microbial growth, making biological wastewater treatment less effective. Below are common technologies for hospital and healthcare wastewater systems:
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 100%"
|-
| [[File:Restaurants.png|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 33%" | '''+'''
| [[File:Hosp1.png|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 33%" | '''+'''
| [[File:Hosp2.png|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 33%" | '''+'''
| [[File:Uvlight2.png|none|180px]]
|-
| ''Pretreatment''
*[[Markets|Trash Trap]]
*[[Food_Service_(Grease)|Grease Trap or Interceptor]]
|
| ''Primary Treatment''
*[[Anaerobic_Baffled_Reactors_(ABRs)|Anaerobic Baffled Reactor]]
*Upflow Anaerobic Filter
|
| ''Secondary Treatment''
*[[Constructed_Wetlands|Constructed Wetlands]]
*[[Technology|Aerobic Treatment]]
*Media Filters
|
| ''Disinfection''
*[[UV_Light_(Natural_Disinfection)|UV Radiation]]
*[[Chlorination_(Chemical_Disinfection)|Chlorination]]
*[[Ozonation_(Physical_Disinfection)|Ozonation]]
|}
''The above configuration shows a grease interceptor for pretreating hospital commissary wastewater, an oversized anaerobic baffled reactor under construction for primary treatment, and a rotating biological contactor for secondary treatment. Natural disinfection in a polishing pond or chemical disinfection by chlorination is required to meet discharge standards.''
{| style="background-color: #efefef;" cellpadding="10"
|<font size="2">[[:File:Hospitalcasestudy.pdf|Hospitals Case Studies (PDF)]]</font>
|}
=== Hotels, Resorts and Restaurants ===
The hospitality industry presents some challenges in wastewater treatment due to moderately high strength and flow variability. Wastewater from food service operations requires grease management through grease traps under sinks or outdoor grease interceptors. Laundry operations require lint traps to keep the solids from the washing and drying process out of the wastewater stream. Understanding flow variability from day to day and season to season is critical when selecting appropriate wastewater treatment technologies. Wastewater treatment from the hospitality industry requires a four step process: pretreatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment and disinfection. Following are common technologies used to treat wastewater from the hospitality industry:
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 100%"
|-
| [[File:Restaurants.png|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 33%" | '''+'''
| [[File:Septictank2.jpg|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 33%" | '''+'''
| [[File:CW1.jpg|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 33%" | '''+'''
| [[File:Uvlight2.png|none|180px]]
|-
| ''Pretreatment''
*[[Food_Service_(Grease)|Grease Traps]]
*[[Laundries|Lint Traps]]
|
| ''Primary Treatment''
*[[Septic_Tanks|Septic Tank]]
*[[Anaerobic_Baffled_Reactors_(ABRs)|Anaerobic Baffled Reactor]]
*Upflow Anaerobic Filter
|
| ''Secondary Treatment''
*[[Constructed_Wetlands|Constructed Wetlands]]
*[[Technology|Aerobic Treatment]]
|
| ''Disinfection''
*[[UV_Light_(Natural_Disinfection)|UV Radiation]]
*[[Chlorination_(Chemical_Disinfection)|Chlorination]]
*[[Ozonation_(Physical_Disinfection)|Ozonation]]
|}
{| style="background-color: #efefef;" cellpadding="10"
|<font size="2">Hotels Case Studies</font>
|}
=== Office Building ===
Wastewater from office buildings is generally low strength with regular and predictable flows. Treatment systems require a two step process: primary treatment and secondary treatment. Often, flow equalization is used to average out the peaks and valleys to provide average flow into the treatment process. Common technologies for office building wastewater systems include the following:
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 100%"
|-
| [[File:Abr1.jpg|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 50%" | '''+'''
| [[File:Soil-permeability 03.jpg|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 50%" | '''+'''
| [[File:Uvlight2.png|none|180px]]
|-
| ''Primary Treatment''
*[[Septic_Tanks|Septic Tank]]
*[[Anaerobic_Baffled_Reactors_(ABRs)|Anaerobic Baffled Reactor]]
|
| ''Secondary Treatment''
*[[Constructed_Wetlands|Constructed Wetlands]]
*Media Filtration
*[[Technology|Aerobic Treatment]]
|
| ''Disinfection''
*[[UV_Light_(Natural_Disinfection)|UV Radiation]]
*[[Chlorination_(Chemical_Disinfection)|Chlorination]]
*[[Ozonation_(Physical_Disinfection)|Ozonation]]
|}
{| style="background-color: #efefef;" cellpadding="10"
|<font size="2">Office Building Case Studies</font>
|}
=== Schools ===
Schools represent challenging problems for wastewater management as wastewater flows are highly variable. The volume of wastewater discharged during the average school day may be the typical flow, but the wastewater system must also be able to handle low flows during weekends, peak flows during special events, and sometimes no flows during summer vacation. Flow equalization, or moderating peak flows through time-dosing, is one strategy. Engineers must take into consideration the flow pattern throughout the year when designing wastewater systems for schools.
School wastewater systems typically utilize a four step process, including pretreatment for kitchen waste, primary treatment, secondary treatment and disinfection. Schools with larger grounds may consider reuse programs where the treated and nutrient-rich effluent can be used for irrigation. Common technologies used for school wastewater systems are:
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 100%"
|-
| [[File:Trashtrap2.jpg|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 33%" | '''+'''
| [[File:Abr1.jpg|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 33%" | '''+'''
| [[File:CW1.jpg|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 33%" | '''+'''
| [[File:Uvlight2.png|none|180px]]
|-
| ''Pretreatment''
*[[Markets|Trash Trap]]
*[[Food_Service_(Grease)|Grease Trap or Interceptor]]
|
| ''Primary Treatment''
*[[Anaerobic_Baffled_Reactors_(ABRs)|Anaerobic Baffled Reactor]]
*Upflow Anaerobic Filter
|
| ''Secondary Treatment''
*[[Constructed_Wetlands|Constructed Wetlands]]
*[[Technology|Aerobic Treatment]]
|
| ''Disinfection''
*[[UV_Light_(Natural_Disinfection)|UV Radiation]]
*[[Chlorination_(Chemical_Disinfection)|Chlorination]]
*[[Ozonation_(Physical_Disinfection)|Ozonation]]
|}
{| style="background-color: #efefef;" cellpadding="10"
|<font size="2">[[Merging_Community_Sanitation_with_School-Based_Hygiene_Promotion_in_Tangerang,_Indonesia|Schools Case Studies]]</font>
|}
=== Community Wastewater Systems ===
Community wastewater treatment systems receive flows from multiple sources, residential or commercial. Combining flows from multiple sources tends to even out flow variability. Community sewerage projects often use a four step process for treating wastewater. This includes pretreatment devices installed at targeted businesses, primary treatment, secondary treatment and disinfection. Systems that discharge treated wastewater into the environment may require added disinfection components. Below are some typical technologies for community wastewater treatment:
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" style="width: 100%"
|-
| [[File:Trashtrap2.jpg|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 33%" | '''+'''
| [[File:Septictank2.jpg|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 33%" | '''+'''
| [[File:Abr1.jpg|none|180px]]
| style="text-align: center; width: 33%" | '''+'''
| [[File:Uvlight2.png|none|180px]]
|-
| style="width: 218px; vertical-align: top" |
''Pretreatment''
*[[Food_Service_(Grease)|Grease Trap for Restaurants]]
*[[Laundries|Lint traps for Laundries]]
|
| ''Primary Treatment''
*[[Septic_Tanks|Septic Tanks]]
*[[Anaerobic_Baffled_Reactors_(ABRs)|Anaerobic Baffled Reactors]]
*Upflow Filter
|
| ''Secondary Treatment''
*[[Types_of_Sewage_Lagoons|Aerated Sewage Lagoons]]
*[[Technology|Aerobic Treatment]]
*[[Types_of_Sewage_Lagoons|Facultative Sewage Lagoons]]
|
| ''Disinfection''
*[[UV_Light_(Natural_Disinfection)|UV Radiation]]
*[[Chlorination_(Chemical_Disinfection)|Chlorination]]
*[[Ozonation_(Physical_Disinfection)|Ozonation]]
|}
{| style="background-color: #efefef;" cellpadding="10"
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" border="1" style="width: 100%"
! Pretreatment <br>
[[File:Trashtrap2.jpg|none|100px]]
! Primary Treatment <br>
[[File:Septictank2.jpg|none|100px]]
! Secondary Treatment <br>
[[File:CW1.jpg|none|180px]]
! Disinfection <br>
[[File:Uvlight2.png|none|180px]]
|-
| '''Residential Housing'''
| <!--blank-->
| Septic Tank <br>Anaerobic Baffled Reactor
| Constructed Wetland <br>Biofilter <br>Aerobic Treatment
|UV Radiation <br>Chlorination <br>Ozonation
|-
| '''Public Market'''
| Trash Trap <br>Grease Trap or Interceptor
| Anaerobic Baffled Reactor <br>Upflow Anaerobic Filter
| Constructed Wetlands <br>Aerobic Treatment
| UV Radiation <br>Chlorination <br>Ozonation
|-
| '''Slaughterhouse'''
|Screen to Remove Solids <br>Traps to Remove Blood
|Biodigester <br>Anaerobic Sewage Lagoon <br>Upflow Anaerobic Filter
|Constructed Wetlands <br>Facultative/ Aerobic Lagoons
|UV Radiation <br>Chlorination <br>Ozonation
|-
| '''Hospitals and Healthcare'''
|Trash Trap <br>Grease Trap or Interceptor
|Anaerobic Baffled Reactor <br>Upflow Anaerobic Filter
|Constructed Wetlands <br>Aerobic Treatment <br>Media Filters
|UV Radiation <br>Chlorination <br>Ozonation
|-
| '''Hotels, Resorts and Restaurants'''
|Grease Traps <br>Lint Traps
|Septic Tank <br>Anaerobic Baffled Reactor <br>Upflow Anaerobic Filter
|Constructed Wetlands <br>Aerobic Treatment
|UV Radiation <br>Chlorination <br>Ozonation
|-
| '''Office Building'''
|<!--blank-->
|Septic Tank <br>Anaerobic Baffled Reactor
|Constructed Wetlands <br>Media Filtration <br>Aerobic Treatment
|UV Radiation <br>Chlorination <br>Ozonation
|-
| '''Schools'''
|Trash Trap <br>Grease Trap or Interceptor
|Anaerobic Baffled Reactor <br>Upflow Anaerobic Filter
|Constructed Wetlands <br>Aerobic Treatment
|UV Radiation <br>Chlorination <br>Ozonation
|-
| '''Community Wastewater Systems'''
|Grease Trap for Restaurants <br>Lint traps for Laundries
|Septic Tanks <br>Anaerobic Baffled Reactors <br>Upflow Filter
|Aerated Sewage Lagoons <br>Aerobic Treatment <br>Facultative Sewage Lagoons
|UV Radiation <br>Chlorination <br>Ozonation
|}
----