ManPublic=X|
Input1=Dried Faeces |Input2= |Input3= | Input4= |Input5=|
Output1=- Biomass |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
|english_link=Application_of_Dehydrated_Faeces
|french_link=Application_des_fèces_déshydratées
[[Image:Icon_application_of_dehydrated_faeces.png |right|80px]]
'''When faeces are stored in the absence of moisture (i.e. , urine) , they dehydrate into a crumbly, white-beige , coarse, flaky material or powder. Dehydration means that the The moisture naturally present in the faeces evaporates and/or is absorbed by the addition of a drying material (e.g. , ash, sawdust, lime)that is added to them. Dried faeces can be used as a soil conditioner.'''
Dehydration is different from composting because the organic material present is not degraded or transformed; only the moisture is removed. After dehydration, faeces Faeces will reduce in volume by about 75%after dehydration. Completely dry faeces are a crumbly, powdery substance. The shells and carcasses of worms and insects that in the faeces also dehydrate and become part of the dried material. The material is rich in carbon and nutrients, but may still contain protozoan cysts or oocysts (spores that can survive extreme environmental conditions andbe re-animated under favourable conditions) and other pathogens. The degree of pathogen inactivation will remain in depend on the temperature, the pH (using ash or lime raises the dried pH) and storage time. It is generally accepted that faecesshould be stored between 6 to 24 months, although pathogens may still exist after this time (refer to WHO guidelines for specific guidance).
The degree of pathogen inactivation will depend on the temperature, the pH (e.g. lime raises the pH) and storage time. It is generally accepted that faeces should be stored between 12 to 18 months, although pathogens may still exist after this time. When the faeces are completely dry they will emerge as a crumbly, powdery substance. The material is rich in carbon and nutrients, but may still contain pathogens or oocysts (spores which can survive extreme environmental conditions and re-animate under favourable conditions). The material can be mixed into soil, either for agriculture or at another site (depending on acceptance). Faeces that are dried and stored between 2 and 20°C should be stored for between 1.5 to 2 years before they are used at the household or regional levelsafely mixed into soil or buried elsewhere. At higher temperatures (i.e. greater than 20°C) Extended storage over one year is recommended to inactivate Ascaris eggs (a type of parasitic worm). A shorter storage time of six months also an option if there is required if no immediate use for the faeces have a pH above 9 material (isee D.e. lime will increase the pH of the faeces12). The WHO has published guidelines and these should be consulted before using dried faeces.
===Design Considerations===
Faeces that are dried and kept at between 2 and 20 °C should be stored for 1.5 to 2 years before being used at the household or regional level. At higher temperatures (i.e., >20 °C average), storage over 1 year is recommended to inactivate Ascaris eggs (a type of parasitic worm). A shorter storage time of 6 months is required if the faeces have a pH above 9 (i.e., adding ash or lime increases the pH). WHO guidelines concerning the use of excreta in agriculture should be consulted beforehand.
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{{procontable | pro=
- Can improve the structure and water-holding capacity of soil. <br> - Simple technique for all users. <br> - Low cost. <br> - Low risk of pathogen transmission. <br> - May encourage income generation (tree planting. Low costs | con=- Labour intensive. <br> - Pathogens may exist in a dormant stage (cysts and oocysts) which may become infectious if moisture is added. <br> - Does not replace fertilizer (N, P, K). <br>- Social acceptance may be low in some areas
}}
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===AdequacyAppropriateness===Dried faeces are not as useful as a soil amendment as composted faeces. However, they can help to replenish poor soil and to boost the carbon and water-storing properties of soil, while posing low risk of pathogen transmission.
Dried ===Health Aspects/Acceptance=== The handling and use of dried faeces are may not as well treated or as useful as a soil amendment as composted faecesbe acceptable to some people. However, they because dehydrated faeces should be dry, crumbly, and odour free, using them might be easier to accept than manure or sludge. Dry faeces are useful at replenishing poor soils and a hostile environment for boosting the carbon organisms and they do not survive long in it. If water-storing properties of a soil or urine is mixed with low-risk of pathogen transmissionthe drying faeces, however, odours and organisms may become problematic because bacteria easily survive and multiply in wet faeces. Warm, moist environments are conducive to anaerobic processes, which can generate offensive odours.
===Health Aspects/Acceptance===Dehydrated faeces should not be applied to crops less than one month before they are harvested. This waiting period is especially important for crops that are consumed raw.
The handing and use of dried ===Operation & Maintenance=== When removing dehydrated faeces may not from dehydration vaults, care must be acceptable taken to someprevent the powder from blowing and being inhaled. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing. However, because the dried faeces Faeces should be kept as dry, crumbly, and odour free, the use of dried faeces may be more acceptable than that of manure or sludgeas possible. Dry faeces are a hostile environment for organisms and consequentlyIf by accident, they do not survive (for long). If water or urine enters and mixes with the drying faeces, odours and organisms may become problematic; wet faeces allow bacteria more ash, lime or dry soil should be added to survive and multiplyhelp absorb the moisture. A warm, moist environment will permit anaerobic processes Prevention is the best way to generate offensive odourskeepfaeces dry.
When removing the dehydrated faeces from the dehydration vaults, care must be taken to prevent the power from blowing and being inhaled. ===MaintenanceReferences=== Faeces should be kept as dry as possible. If by accident, water or urine enters mixes with the drying faeces, more ash, lime or dry soil can be added to help absorb the moisture. Prevention is the best way of keeping the faeces dry.
===References===* Austin, A. and Duncker, L. (2002). Urine-Diversion. Ecological Sanitation Systems in South Africa. CSIR, Pretoria, ZA.
* AustinRieck, AC., von Münch, E. and DunckerHoffmann, LH. (20022012). Technology Review of Urine-diversionDiverting Dry Toilets (UDDTs). Ecological Sanitation Systems in South AfricaOverview of Design, Operation, Management and Costs. CSIRDeutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, PretoriaEschborn, DE.:Available at: [http://www.susana.org/library susana.org/library]
* SchonningSchönning, C. and StenstromStenström, TAT. A. (2004). Guidelines for the Safe Use of Urine and Faeces in Ecological Sanitation Systems-. Report 2004-1. EcosanResEcoSanRes, Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, SwedenSE. :Availableat: [http://www.ecosanres.orgecosanres.org]
* WHO (2006). Guidelines for the safe use Safe Use of wastewaterWastewater, excreta Excreta and greywater – Greywater. Volume 4: Excreta and greywater use Greywater Use in agricultureAgriculture. WHOWorld Health Organization, Geneva, CH. :Availableat: [http://www.who.intwho.int]
* Winblad, U. and Simpson-HerbertHébert, M. (edsEds.) (2004). Ecological Sanitation- revised . Revised and enlarged editionEnlarged Edition. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, SwedenSE. :Availableat: [http://www.ecosanres.orgecosanres.org]
===Acknowledgements===
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}