[[Image:Icon_urinal.png|right|80px]]
'''A Urinal urinal is only used for collecting urine. Urinals are generally for men, although Urinals models for women have also been developed. Most urinals use water for flushing, but waterless urinals are becoming increasingly popular.'''
Urinals for women consist of raised foot-steps and a sloped channel or catchment area for conducting that conducts the urine to a collection technology. For men, Urinals urinals can be either be vertical wall-mounted units that are vertical, or squat slabs that over which the user squats over. Most Urinals use water for flushing, but waterless Urinals are becoming increasingly popular. As waterless Urinals collect undiluted urine, they generate the lowest volumes.
The urinal can be used with or without water and the plumbing can be developed accordingly. If water is used, it is mainly used for cleaning and limiting odours (with a water-seal).
===Design Considerations===
For water-based urinals, the water use per flush ranges from less than 2 L in current designs to almost 20 L of flushwater in outdated models. Water-saving or waterless technologies should be favoured. To minimize odours and nitrogen loss in simple waterless urinal designs, the collection pipe should be submerged in the urine tank to provide a basic liquid seal.
Waterless urinals are available in a range of styles and complexities. Some urinals come equipped with an
odour seal that may have a mechanical closure, a membrane, or a sealing liquid. Water-based Urinals use 8 to 12 litres of flushwater, whereas low-flush models use less than 4 litres of flushwater.
By putting a small target, or painted fly near the drain, the amount of spraying or splashing can be reduced;
this type of user-guidance can help improve the cleanliness of the facility. Because the urinal is exclusively for
urine it is important to also provide a toilet to be used for faeces.
{{procontable | pro=
- Does not require a constant source of water <br>- Can be built and repaired with locally available materials <br>- Low capital and operating costs <br>- reuse of nutrients is possible| con=- Can lead to unpleasant odours when used or maintained incorrectly}}
===AdequacyAppropriateness===
[[Image:Waterless_urinal.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Waterless urinal |Waterless urinal]], in Ethiopia (click photo for credits)]]
The Urinal can be used with or without water and the plumbing can be developed accordingly. If water is used, it is mainly used for cleaning and limiting odours (where the water acts as a water-seal). Water-based Urinals use 8 to 12 litres of flushwater, whereas low-flush models use less than 4 litres of flushwater. Because the Urinal is exclusively for urine it is important to also provide another toilet to be used for faeces. Waterless Urinals are available in a range of styles and complexities.
Some Urinals come equipped with an odour seal that may have can be used in homes as well as within public facilities. In some cases, the provision of a mechanical closureurinal is useful to prevent the misuse of dry systems (e.g., a membraneUDDT, U.2). Portable waterless urinals have been developed for use at large gatherings, or a sealing liquidto improve the sanitation facilities and reduce the point load of wastewater discharged at the site. To minimize odours in simple Urinal designsIn this way, each Urinal should a large volume of urine can be equipped with a dedicated pipe that is submerged in the collected urine (and either used or tankdischarged at a more appropriate location or time) to provide a basic water-sealand the remaining toilets can be reduced in number or used more efficiently. Urinals are appropriate for every climate.
Portable waterless Urinals have been developed for use at large festivals, concerts ===Health Aspects/Acceptance===The Urinal is a comfortable and other gatheringseasily accepted User Interface. In some cases, the provision of a urinal is useful to improve the on-site sanitation facilities and reduce prevent the point load misuse of wastewater discharged at the sitedry systems (e.g. [[Urine Diverting Dry Toilet|UDDT]]). In this wayAlthough simple in construction and design, urinals can have a large volume impact on the well-being of urine can be collected (and either used or discharged at a more appropriate location or time) community. When men have access to a urinal, they may urinate less often in public, which reduces unwanted odours and the remaining urine/faeces toilets can be reduced or used makes women feel more efficientlycomfortable. Men have generally accepted waterless urinals, as they do not call for any change of behaviour.
Urinals can ===Operation & Maintenance=== Maintenance is simple, but should be used in homes as well as within public facilities. Traditionally done frequently, especially for waterless urinals are provided adjacent to a toilet. Urinals can prevent fouling All of toilets, especially in schools. By putting a small target, or painted fly near the drainsurfaces should be cleaned regularly (bowl, slab and wall) to prevent odours and to minimize the amount formation of spraying or splashing can be reduced; this type of user-guidance can help improve the cleanliness of the facility. Urinals are appropriate for every climatestains.
===Health Aspects/Acceptance===Particularly, in waterless urinals, calcium- and magnesium-based minerals and salts can precipitate and buildThe Urinal up in pipes and on surfaces where urine is a comfortable and easily accepted User Interfaceconstantly present. In some cases, Washing the provision of bowl with a Urinal is useful to prevent the misuse of dry systems mild acid (e.g. [[Urine Diverting Dry Toilet|UDDT]], vinegar). Urinals, although simple in construction and design, /or hot water can have a large impact on prevent the wellbuild-being up of mineral deposits and scaling. Stronger (> 24% acetic) acid or a communitycaustic soda solution (2 parts water to 1 part soda) can be used for removing blockages. When men have access to a UrinalHowever, they in somecases manual removal may be encouraged to refrain from urinating in public, which reduces unwanted odours and allows women to feel more comfortable. Men have generally accepted waterless Urinals, as they do not call for any change of behaviourrequired.
===Maintenance===Maintenance is simpleFor waterless urinals, but should be done frequently. Minerals and salts may build up in pipes and on surfaces where urine it is constantly present. To prevent scaling, slightly acidic water and/or hot water can be used critical to dissolve any minerals that form. All regularly check the functioning of the surfaces should be cleaned regularly (bowl, slab and steps) to prevent odours and to minimize solids formationodour seal.
=== Manuals, videos, and links ===
===References===
* Austin, A. and Duncker, L. (2002). Urine-diversionDiversion. Ecological Sanitation Systems in South Africa. CSIR, Pretoria, South AfricaZA. (Directions for making a simple Urinal urinal using a 5L 5 L plastic container.)
* CREPA von Münch, E. and Dahm, P. (20082009). Promotion de latrines ECOSAN à la 20è édition du FESPACOWaterless Urinals: Ecosan Info NoA Proposal to Save Water and Recover Urine Nutrients in Africa. 834th WEDC International Conference. Centre Régional pour l'Eau Potable et l'Assainissement à faible coût (CREPA)Addis Ababa, Burkina FasoET. Availableat: [http://wwwwedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk wedc-knowledge.lboro.reseaucrepaac.orguk]
* GTZ von Münch, E. and Winker, M. (19992011). Technical data sheets for ecosan components: Technology Review of Urine Diversion Components. Overview of Urine Diversion Components Such as Waterless Urinals, Urine Diversion Toilets, Urine Storage and Reuse Systems. GTZGesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, GermanyEschborn, DE. Availableat: [http://www.gtzsusana.de (Information about specialized urinals, which include stench traps and other specialized featuresorg/library susana.)org/library]
* Netherlands Water Partnership (NWP) (2006). Smart Sanitation Solutions. Examples of innovativeInnovative, lowLow-cost technologies Cost Technologies for toiletsToilets, collectionCollection, transportationTransportation, treatment Treatment and use Use of sanitation productsSanitation Products. NWPNetherlands Water Partnership, The Hague, NetherlandsNL.Available at: [http://www.ircwash. (Provides country specific data and links for further informationorg ircwash.)org]
===Acknowledgements===
{{:Acknowledgements Sanitation}}