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Good approach to enhance ownership. Also needed for replacement. Some examples of no-subsidy for hardware, but poorest sections may require subsidy. The governments of India and Bangladesh suspended subsidies because they did not reach the poor but then re-introduced them at lower levels (the equivalent of about USD 10) in order to reach the poorest of the poor. Management of subsidies remains a challenge. In Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso): a surtax on water supply is applied by ONEA, an autonomous public water and sanitation company, to subsidize on-site sanitation facilities (25% contribution and supervision of trained masons). 20,000 facilities have been constructed in schools and households. Management of funds presents difficulties, but approach was extended to other towns (http://www.wupafrica.org/toolkit/resources/pdf-files/good_practices/good_practice_Africa.pdf) Good potential to reach the poorer sections of society
== Pay and use toilets/public bath houses ==
People pay when they use the facilities that are built and managed by NGOs, entrepreneurs or local government
Good approach if systems are kept clean. Can quickly enhance coverage. A wide range of approaches are existing including public-private arrangement with users paying per visit but also some with monthly contributions
(http://www.wupafrica.org/toolkit/resources/pdffiles/good_practices/good_practice_Africa.pdf ; http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/Publications/Country%20Notes/
CN4.1%20India.htm ). A good option to guarantee quality and back-up support, is to use a franchise concept. Sulab International has developed 4000 "pay and use" community toilets serving more than 11 million people daily (http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/
waterandsanitation/resources/caseExamples/sanitation-services.html ). Pay-and-use public toilets for crowded areas and slums, without space or funds for latrine construction. Also for transient populations such as bus stops. Managed by local government, NGOs or entrepreneurs. This includes women groups jointly developing sanitation facilities (http://www.irc.nl/page/7706). High potential particularly in densely populated slums