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Operations and minor Capital maintenance expenditure is the costs of routine minor maintenance needed renewing, replacing, rehabilitating, refurbishing or restoring assets to keep water and sanitation systems running ensure that services continue at the designed same level of performancethat was first delivered. It includes recurrent, regular and Examples include replacing a motor ona power pump or the pump rods/rising main/handle in a handpump; cleaning/re-going expenditure on labourexcavating the base of a hand-dug well; relaying the drainage field for a septic tank; flushing a borehole which no longer delivers the desired flow; cleaning a water tank, fueletc. The renewal of these assets, chemicalsoften after some years of operation, materials, or purchases of bulk water. Operational expenditure also includes ‘household coping costs’ by which households spend money to achieve a satisfactory ensures the same level of service; i.e. cleaning products for sanitary facilities, energy costs, etcthat users received when the asset was first installed.
Operations and minor Planning for capital maintenance expenditure does not include major repairs or renewals is crucial to the sustainability of water or , sanitation infrastructureand hygiene services as shown in figure 1. This is considered expenditure on [[Capital Maintenance (CapManEx)|The red line shows a steady decline in service levels in the absence of capital maintenance (CapManEx)]]as a system degrades over time. ==Examples=='''Benchmarks Eventually there is a need for renewed capital maintenance expenditure''' <br>Based on research from to replace the [[#WASHCost|WASHCost]] project, the minimum operations and minor maintenance expenditure to provide a basic level of water asset. The blue line shows service with a borehole and handpump (at 2011 prices) range from US$ 0.5 per person to just over US$ 1 per person (see table 1). For all piped schemes, including mechanised boreholes and piped supplies, levels being maintained as the costs range from US$ 0.5 to just over US$ 5 per personasset is maintained.
<center>'''Table Figure 1. Cost ranges for operational and minor Capital maintenance expenditure [min-max] in US$ 2011 per person, per year'''</center>[[Image:CapManEx fg 1.jpg|center|600px|Source: Francis and Pezon, 2010]]
==Links==<div id="WASHCost">'''WASHCostDifference between operational expenditure and capital maintenance'''</divbr>* WASHCost was a five-year action research programmeWhen an existing system undergoes minor maintenance, for example regular greasing of bearing points or tightening of pump bolts, running from 2008 to 2012the related cost is part of [[Operational and Minor Maintenances Expenditure (OpEx)|operational and minor maintenances expenditure (OpEx)]]. The WASHCost team gathered information related point where minor maintenance becomes capital maintenance is a matter of frequency; ‘does the cost occur more than once a year?’ and of amount; ‘Is the cost significant compared to the costs of providing wateron-going operational expenditure?’. For example, sanitation, and hygiene services for an entire life-cycle although the cost of emptying a service twin pit or shallow pit- from implementation all latrine may be significant compared to the way to post-initial investment needed for construction. The WASHCost programme was led by IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre with several partners , it occurs frequently, at least compared to collect data in the rural and peri-urban areas life cycle of Burkina Faso, Ghana, Indiathe latrine itself, and Mozambique. For more information see wwwdoes not constitute a physical renewal.washcost.info* The Costing Sustainable Services online course was developed to assist governmentsThus, NGOs, donors it is considered as [[Operational and individuals to plan Minor Maintenances Expenditure (OpEx)|operational and budget for sustainable and equitable WASH servicesminor maintenances expenditure (OpEx)]]. However, using the cost of emptying a life-cycle cost approachsingle deep pit might only be needed once every five to ten years and might usefully be considered as capital maintenance expenditure. The Life-cycle cost approach is replacement of a small valve on a methodology for costing sustainable waterpiped system, sanitation or repairing a leaking pipe is [[Operational and hygiene service delivery Minor Maintenances Expenditure (OpEx)|operational and comparing the costs to the level of service received by users. For more information see http://www.washcost.info/page/2448* Triple-S minor maintenances expenditure (Sustainable Services at ScaleOpEx) is a six-year]], multi-country learning initiative to improve water supply to although its failure can significantly affect the serviceability of the rural poor. It system, because this is led by IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. The initiative is currently operating in Ghana and Uganda. Lessons learned from work in countries feeds up a small cost which occurs frequently compared to the international level where Triple-S is promoting a re-appraisal life of how development assistance to the rural water supply sector is designed and implementedsystem. For more information see http://www.waterservicesthatlastReplacing a length of pipe because there have been a number of leaks, or replacing a major valve after several years of use would be classified as capital maintenance expenditure.org/