更多关于治理干旱的信息，请查看: [[Resilient WASH systems in drought-prone areas|易干旱地区具有适应性的 WASH 系统]]。
===Construction, operations and maintenance修建、运作和维护===[[Image:RiverbedWellWithHandpump.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Riverbed well with offset handpump配有手泵的河床井. Eric Fewster, BushProof. <br> (Click image to zoom.点击图片放大)]][[Image:NewRiverbedWell.jpg|thumb|right|200px| New riverbed well. The new well's ''hydro dynamic'' design means it won't be washed away or destroyed by fast flowing rivers during the rainy season. These wells provide cleaner, fresher water, and are safer than climbing into unprotected holes. They are time saving too as traditional wells have to be re-dug each dry season新河床井。新水井的水动力设计说明即使在雨季，水井也不会被流速快的河流冲刷走或毁坏。水井中的水比没有受到保护的洞中的水更加干净，并且取水方式更加安全。这种方式比传统的方式更节约时间，因为不用每到旱季就重新挖一次. Photo图片来源: Jane Beesley.]]
'''General advice on cement关于水泥的建议''': A common cause of cracks in structures and linings (e.g. in tanks, dams, waterways, wells) is errors in mixing and applying the cement. First of all, it is important that only pure ingredients are used: clean water, clean sand, clean rocks. The materials have to be mixed very thoroughly. Secondly, the amount of water during mixing needs to minimal: the concrete or cement needs to be just workable, on the dry side even, and not fluid. Thirdly, it is essential that during curing the cement or concrete is kept moist at all times, for at least a week. Structures should be covered with plastic, large leaves or other materials during the curing period, and kept wet regularly. 建筑和隔板（例如水箱、大坝、水道和水井）出现裂缝的常见原因是在混合和使用水泥时出错。首先，很重要的一点是使用的成分一定要纯：干净的水、沙子和岩石，这些成分必须充分混合。第二，混合时使用的水尽量少：混凝土或水泥成形即可，宁可干点，也不要成为液体。第三，在固化过程中混凝土或水泥需要保持一定的水分，至少维持一周。同时，在固化过程中应该用塑料、大树叶或其他材料覆盖在引水建筑物上以保持水分。
'''Specific advice具体建议''':Simplify construction methods while getting a more robust end product in a safer fashion. Pre-cast concrete rings can be used, but is more easily done with a cutting foundation ring and curved concrete blocks, some of which are made from porous concrete. 修建方式更为简单安全，质量更加坚固。可使用预制的混凝土环，但使用切割底垫圈和弯道砖会更加容易，有些由透水混凝土制成。
Ensure that wells are dug deep enough to allow enough flow during the dry season. 请确保水井足够深，才能在旱季也有足够的水量。
For sand rivers that have a significant clay content, permeability will be low, and yields will also be low. Increased flow velocity into the well can be created by making a large gravel pack around the well shaft – this gravel pack consists of aggregate and stones (rather than the traditional type of small diameter gravel pack used in boreholes). 对于有大量泥土的沙河而言，渗透性很差，储水量也不多。在井身周围制作大量的砾石过滤层可加快水流入水井的速度。砾石过滤层由集料和石头组成（与井眼中使用的传统小型砾石过滤层不同）。
For where the well is made within or partially within a riverbed where it will be flooded or have floodwater beside or close to it对于完全在河床（会遭遇洪水或邻近洪水）中或者部分在河床中的水井而言:* The well shaft can be made so that it is buried within the sand, and is uncovered after each flood event for access to the water. A slab is made to cover the top ring and a manhole access cover is created for dry season access but which can be closed during a flood event. In such a case可制作井身，因此井身会掩埋在沙子下面，并在每次洪水之后暴露出来，由此获取水。可使用厚板覆盖混凝土环顶端，并在旱季使用检查井的检修盖，在雨季将其关闭。在这样的情况下:**The top of the ring should be ideally 1.5 metres minimum from the riverbed surface混凝土环的顶部最好离河床1. This is so that5米，因此: # There is at least a minimum of infiltration that occurs from surface water during the wet season when the river is flooded 雨季发生洪水时，表面至少仍有少量的水渗入。# That there is less chance that the well shaft and pipework will be washed away in a flood event. Sand becomes mobile to a certain depth which differs for different rivers but has been recorded to be normally between 0.66 and 2 metres in seasonal riverbeds在洪水来临的时候，井身和管道被冲刷走的几率降低。不同河流中的沙子深度不同，但记录显示在季节性河流中通常在0. 66至2米之间。 * The well shaft can also be made so that it protrudes from the riverbed sand level. A slab is made to cover the top ring and a manhole access cover is installed for dry season access. In such a case也可以修建井身使其高于河床沙子。可使用厚板覆盖混凝土环的顶部，并在旱季使用检查井的检修盖。在这样的情况下:** The well shaft needs to be protected – a hydrodynamic well head should be constructed to minimize damage from floodwater and the debris it contains. This well head has a shape of an upturned boat which deflects water and debris in the floodwater. The manhole cover opens in the upstream direction so that it closes when the floods arrive.需要保护井身，应该修建水动力的井口装置，以便减小洪水及其碎片的破坏力。井口装置形状如同倒扣的船，这样可以引开洪水和碎片。检查井的井盖在逆流方向将打开，因此在洪水来临时会闭合。** Such a construction is probably best suited to riverbeds of low porosity and permeability where sediments have some stability and little is transported in floodwater, otherwise damage to the well could easily take place.这可能最适合少孔和渗透性差的河床，沉淀物不会被洪水冲走，否则水井很容易遭到破坏。
The use of porous concrete in part of the section of the well shaft which is underwater can help increase flow velocity into the well. Porous concrete is made using a of 1 在井身水下部分使用透水混凝土可以帮助加快流入水井的水流速度。透水混凝土由混凝土、泥沙和集料按照1: 1 : 4 (cement : sand : aggregate) and can be used for curved blocks or also for a central portion of any pre-cast concrete ring. Also perforated pointed steel pipes can be driven horizontally into the aquifer using a jack – this can also increase flow velocity into the well.4的比例制成，并可用作弯道砖或任何预制混凝土环的中间部分。并且可使用千斤顶将多孔尖头钢管水平插入含水层，这也可以加快水流入水井的速度。
===Manuals, videos and links===