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Sanitation Portal

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The sanitation This portal illustrates a selection of smart describes sanitation technologies. We are working on making this portal comprehensive and contain full explanations on how to implement these technologies. In the meantime we hope the site which can be a source of inspiration for those who are trying applied from the household level to improve sanitation conditionsthe village level.

{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"| valign="top" align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| <b>Toilets</b>| align="center" | <b>Collection</b>| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| <b>Transportation</b>| align="center" | <b>Treatment</b>| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| <b>Use A sanitation system does not consist of products</b>| align="center" | <b>Hygiene</b>|-| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| {{Icon|file=Dry_toilet_icon.jpg|alt=Dry toilet]|width=91|link=Dry toilet}} <br> [[Dry toilet]]| align="center" | {{Icon|file=fossa_alterna_icon.jpg|alt=Fossa alterna|width=91|link=Fossa alterna}} <br> [[Fossa alterna]]| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| {{Icon|file=cartage_systems_icona single technology described below.jpg|alt=Cartage A complete sanitation system|width=91|link=Cartage system}} <br> [[Cartage system]]| align="center" | {{Icon|file=co-composting_icon.jpg|alt=Co-composting|width=91|link=Co-composting}} <br> [[Co-composting]]| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| {{Icon|file=compost_as_soil_conditioner_icon.jpg|alt=Compost soil conditioner|width=91|link=Compost consists of a chain of technologies, each taking care of a specific function, such as soil conditioner}} <br> [[Compost as soil conditioner|Compost soil conditioner]]| align="center"| {{Icon|file=TippyTap_icon.png|alt=Tippy Tap|width=91|link=Tippy Tap}} <br> [[Tippy Tap |Tippy tap]]|-| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| {{Icon|file=Dry_urine_diversion_toilet_icon.jpg|alt=Dry urine diversion the toilet|width=91|link=Dry urine diversion toilet}} <br> [[Dry urine diversion toilet]]| align="center" | {{Icon|file=oil_drums_and_containers_icon.jpg|alt=Oil drums , the transportation, and containers|width=91|link=Oil drums and containers}} <br> [[Oil drums and containers]]| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| {{Icon|file=mapet_and_vacutug_system_icontreatment.jpg|alt=MAPET and Vacutug|width=91|link=MAPET and Vacutug system}} <br> [[MAPET and Vacutug system|MAPET and Vacutug]]| align="center" | {{Icon|file=dehydration_iconEach technology below is dedicated to one particular function in this chain.jpg|alt=Dehydration|width=91|link=Dehydration}} <br> [[Dehydration]]| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| {{Icon|file=human_urine_as_fertiliser_icon.jpg|alt=Human urine as fertiliser|width=91|link=Human urine as fertiliser}} <br> [[Human urine as fertiliser]]| align="center" | &nbsp;|-| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| {{Icon|file=pour_flush_slabs_icon.jpg|alt=Pour flush slabs|width=91|link=Pour flush slabs}} <br> [[Pour flush slabs]]| align="center" | {{Icon|file=vaults_and_chambers_icon.jpg|alt=Vaults and chambers|width=91|link=Vaults and chambers}} <br> [[Vaults and chambers]]| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| {{Icon|file=settled_sewerage_small_icon.jpg|alt=Settled sewerage (small diameter)|width=91|link=Settled sewerage (small diameter)}} <br> [[Settled sewerage (small diameter)|Settled sewerage]]| align="center" | {{Icon|file=planted_soil_filter_iconAn example is given at the end of this page.jpg|alt=Planted soil filter|width=91|link=Planted soil filter}} <br> [[Planted soil filter]]| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| {{Icon|file=biogas_as_source_of_energy_icon.jpg|alt=Biogas as source of energy|width=91|link=Biogas as source of energy}} <br> [[Biogas as source of energy|Biogas for energy]]| align="center" | &nbsp;|-

In addition to these technologies, the table below lists eight different complete sanitation systems, going from very simple to more complex.{| alignborder="center1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="2" style="background:#efefef;f5faff"| {{Icon'''1''' [[Single Pit System]]|file=waterless_urinal_icon.jpg|alt='''2''' [[Waterless urinalsSystem with Alternating Pits]]|width=91'''3''' [[Pour Flush System with Twin Pits]]|link=Waterless urinals}} <br> '''4''' [[Waterless urinalsSystem with Urine Diversion]]| align="center" | {{Icon|file=Aqua_privy.jpg|alt=Aqua privy|width=91|link=Aqua privy}} <br> '''5''' [[Aqua privyBlackwater Treatment System with Infiltration]]| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| &nbsp;'''6''' [[Blackwater Treatment System with Sewerage]]| align="center" | {{Icon|file=anaerobic_digestion_icon.jpg|alt=Anaerobic digestion|width=91|link=Anaerobic digestion}}<br> '''7''' [[Anaerobic digestion(Semi-) Centralized Treatment System]]| align="center" style="background:#efefef;"| &nbsp;| align="center" | &nbsp;'''8''' [[Sewerage System with Urine Diversion]]

|}

== Sanitation system technologies==The techniques described Below, sanitation technologies are presented in different functional groups: User interface (Toilets, urinals, handwashing), Collection and Storage / Local Treatment, Conveyance, (semi-) Centralized Treatment, and Use of products / disposal. {| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width="100%" !style="background:#efefef;"| User Interface! Collection and Storage/ Local Treatment!style="background:#efefef;"| Conveyance! (semi-) Centralized Treatment!style="background:#efefef;"| Use of Products/ Disposal|- valign="top" |align="center" width="20%" style="background:#efefef;" |<!-- Content Column 1 starts here -->{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_dry_toilet.png|alt=Dry Toilet|width=91|link=Dry Toilet}} <br> [[Dry Toilet]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urine_diverting_dry_toilet.png|alt=Urine Diverting Dry Toilet|width=91|link=Urine Diverting Dry Toilet}} <br> [[Urine Diverting Dry Toilet]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urinal.png|alt=Urinal|width=91|link=Urinal}} <br> [[Urinal]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_pour_flush_toilet.png|alt=Pour Flush Toilet|width=91|link=Pour Flush Toilet}} <br> [[Pour Flush Toilet]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_cistern_flush_toilet.png|alt=Cistern Flush Toilet|width=91|link=Cistern Flush Toilet}} <br> [[Cistern Flush Toilet]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urine_diverting_flush_toilet.png|alt=Urine Diverting Flush Toilet|width=91|link=Urine Diverting Flush Toilet}} <br> [[Urine Diverting Flush Toilet]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=TippyTap_icon.png|alt=Tippy Tap|width=91|link=Tippy Tap}} <br> [[Tippy Tap|Hygiene - Tippy Tap]]|} <!-- Content Column 1 ends here --> |align="center" width="20%" | <!-- Content Column 2 starts here --> {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_urine_storage_tank_container.png|alt=Urine Storage Tank|width=91|link=Storage Tanks}} <br> [[Storage tanks]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_single_pit.png|alt=Single Pit|width=91|link=Single Pit}} <br> [[Single Pit]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_single_ventilated_improved_pit.png|alt=Single Ventilated Improved Pit|width=91|link=Single Ventilated Improved Pit}} <br> [[Single Ventilated Improved Pit]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_double_ventilated_improved_pit.png|alt=Double Ventilated Improved Pit|width=91|link=Double Ventilated Improved Pit}} <br> [[Double Ventilated Improved Pit]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_fossa_alterna.png|alt=Fossa Alterna|width=91|link=Fossa Alterna}} <br> [[Fossa Alterna]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_twin_pits_for_pour_flush.png|alt=Twin Pits for Pour Flush|width=91|link=Twin Pits for Pour Flush}} <br> [[Twin Pits for Pour Flush]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_dehydration_vault.png|alt=Dehydration Vaults|width=91|link=Dehydration Vaults}} <br> [[Dehydration Vaults]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_composting_chamber.png|alt=Composting Chamber|width=91|link=Composting Chamber}} <br> [[Composting Chamber]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_septic_tank.png|alt=Septic Tank|width=91|link=Septic Tank}} <br> [[Septic Tank]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_baffled_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor|width=91|link=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor}} <br> [[Anaerobic Baffled Reactor]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_filter.png|alt=Anaerobic Filter|width=91|link=Anaerobic Filter}} <br> [[Anaerobic Filter]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_biogas_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor|width=91|link=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor}} <br> [[Anaerobic Biogas Reactor]]|} <!-- Content Column 2 ends here --> |align="center" width="20%" style="background:#efefef;"| <!-- Content Column 3 starts here -->{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_jerrycan_tank.png|alt=Jerrycan - tank|width=91|link=Jerrycan - tank}} <br> [[Jerrycan - tank]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_human_powered_emptying_and_transport.png|alt=Human-Powered Emptying and Transport|width=91|link=Human-Powered Emptying and Transport}} <br> [[Human-Powered Emptying and Transport]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_motorized_emptying_and_transport.png|alt=Motorized Emptying and Transport|width=91|link=Motorized Emptying and Transport}} <br> [[Motorized Emptying and Transport]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_simplified_sewers.png|alt=Simplified Sewers|width=91|link=Simplified Sewers}} <br> [[Simplified Sewers]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_solids_free_sewer.png|alt=Solids-free Sewer|width=91|link=Solids-free Sewer}} <br> [[Solids-free Sewer]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_conventional_gravity_sewer.png|alt=Conventional Gravity Sewer|width=91|link=Conventional Gravity Sewer}} <br> [[Conventional Gravity Sewer]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_transfer_station_underground_holding_tank.png|alt=Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)|width=91|link=Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)}} <br> [[Transfer Station (Underground Holding Tank)]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_sewer_discharge_station.png|alt=Sewer Discharge Station|width=91|link=Sewer Discharge Station}} <br> [[Sewer Discharge Station]]|}<!-- Content Column 3 ends here --> |align="center" width="20%" | <!-- Content Column 4 starts here --> {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_baffled_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor|width=91|link=Anaerobic Baffled Reactor}} <br> [[Anaerobic Baffled Reactor]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_filter.png|alt=Anaerobic Filter|width=91|link=Anaerobic Filter}} <br> [[Anaerobic Filter]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_waste_stabilization_ponds.png|alt=Waste Stabilization Pond|width=91|link=Waste Stabilization Pond}} <br> [[Waste Stabilization Pond]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_aerated_pond.png|alt=Aerated Pond|width=91|link=Aerated Pond}} <br> [[Aerated Pond]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_free-water_surface_constructed_wetland.png|alt=Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland|width=91|link=Icon_free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland}} <br> [[Free-Water Surface Constructed Wetland]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_horizontal_subsurface_flow_constructed_wetland.png|alt=Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland|width=91|link=Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland}} <br> [[Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_vertical_flow_constructed_wetland.png|alt=Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland|width=91|link=Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland}} <br> [[Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_trickling_filter.png|alt=Trickling Filter|width=91|link=Trickling Filter}} <br> [[Trickling Filter]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_reactor.png|alt=Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor|width=91|link=Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor}} <br> [[Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_activated_sludge.png|alt=Activated Sludge|width=91|link=Activated Sludge}} <br> [[Activated Sludge]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_sedimentation_thickening_ponds.png|alt=Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds|width=91|link=Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds}} <br> [[Sedimentation - Thickening Ponds]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_unplanted_drying_beds.png|alt=Unplanted Drying Beds|width=91|link=Unplanted Drying Beds}} <br> [[Unplanted Drying Beds]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_planted_drying_beds.png|alt=Planted Drying Beds|width=91|link=Planted Drying Beds}} <br> [[Planted Drying Beds]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_co-composting.png|alt=Co-composting|width=91|link=Co-composting}} <br> [[Co-composting]]|} {|style="height:140px"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_anaerobic_biogas_reactor.png|alt=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor|width=91|link=Anaerobic Biogas Reactor}} <br> [[Anaerobic Biogas Reactor]]|} <!-- Content Column 4 ends here --> |align="center" width="20%" style="background:#efefef;"| <!-- Content Column 5 starts here -->{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_fill_and_cover_arborloo.png|alt=Fill and Cover - Arborloo|width=91|link=Fill and Cover - Arborloo}} <br> [[Fill and Cover - Arborloo]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_application_of_urine.png|alt=Application of Urine|width=91|link=Application of Urine}} <br> [[Application of Urine]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_application_of_dehydrated_faeces.png|alt=Application of Dehydrated Faeces|width=91|link=Application of Dehydrated Faeces}} <br> [[Application of Dehydrated Faeces]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_application_of_compost_eco_humus.png|alt=Application of Compost - Eco-Humus|width=91|link=Application of Compost - Eco-Humus}} <br> [[Application of Compost - Eco-Humus]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=biogas_as_source_of_energy_icon.jpg|alt=Biogas as source of energy|width=91|link=Biogas as source of energy}} <br> [[Biogas as source of energy|Biogas for energy]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_irrigation.png|alt=Irrigation|width=91|link=Irrigation}} <br> [[Irrigation]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_soak_pit.png|alt=Soak Pit|width=91|link=Soak Pit}} <br> [[Soak Pit]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_leach_field.png|alt=Leach Field|width=91|link=Leach Field}} <br> [[Leach Field]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_aquaculture.png|alt=Aquaculture Ponds|width=91|link=Aquaculture Ponds}} <br> [[Aquaculture Ponds]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_floating_plant_macrophyte_pond.png|alt=Floating Plant (Macrophyte) Pond|width=91|link=Floating Plant (Macrophyte) Pond}} <br> [[Floating Plant (Macrophyte) Pond]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_water_disposal_groundwater_recharge.png|alt=Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge|width=91|link=Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge}} <br> [[Water Disposal - Groundwater Recharge]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_land_application_of_sludge.png|alt=Land Application of Sludge|width=91|link=Land Application of Sludge}} <br> [[Land Application of Sludge]]|}{|style="height:140px; background:#efefef"|align="center" valign="top"| {{Icon|file=Icon_surface_disposal.png|alt=Surface Disposal|width=91|link=Surface Disposal}} <br> [[Surface Disposal]]|}<!-- Content Column 5 ends here -->|}  ==Sanitation systems ==In this section, according to the elements above make up entire sanitation systems. The following is we give an example of thisa complete sanitation system, which consists of a chain of technologies. reading Reading the icons in the illustration below from the left to the right we have a [[Urine Diverting Dry urine diversion toiletToilet]] connecting to [[Oil drums and containersStorage tanks]] system, where the feces faeces are taken away via a through [[Cartage systemHuman-Powered Emptying and Transport]] to be broken down via processed through [[Co-composting]] and then finally be used through [[Application of Compost as soil conditioner- Eco-Humus]] and the [[Human urine as fertiliserApplication of Urine]].

[[Image:sanitation_system_example.jpg]]

== Acknowledgements ==

[[Akvodev|akvodev]] * Much of the material in this section comes from the book [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies], Elizabeth Tilley et.al (2008). ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag).* [http://www.irc.nl/page/28448 Smart Sanitation Solutions] produced in collaboration with [http://www.nwp.nl Netherlands Water Partnership], [http://www.waste.nl WASTE], [http://www.practicafoundation.nl/ PRACTICA], [http://www.irc.nl IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre], SIMAWI and [http://www.partnersforwater.nl/ Partners voor Water]

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