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New page: <!-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables --> {{santable| sys1=2| sys2=| sys3=| ...
<!-- table at top of page with logo, picture, Application level, Management level, and input-output tables -->
{{santable|
sys1=[[Waterless System with Alternating Pits|2]]|
sys2=|
sys3=|
sys4=|
sys5=|
sys6=|
sys7=|
sys8=|
pic=Application_of_compost_eco_humus.png|
ApplHousehold=XX|
ApplNeighbourhood=XX|
ApplCity=X|
ManHousehold=XX|
ManShared=XX|
ManPublic=X|
Input1=Compost/EcoHumus |Input2= |Input3= | Input4= |Input5=|
Output1= |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
}}
'''Composting is the term used to describe the controlled aerobic degradation of organics into a soil-like substance called compost. ‘EcoHumus’ is a term taken from Peter Morgan (see references) and is a more appropriate word to use for the material removed from a Fossa Alterna because it is produced passively underground and has a slightly different composition.'''
The process of thermophilic composting generates heat (50 to 80°C) which kills the majority of pathogens present. For the composting process to occur there must be adequate carbon, nitrogen, moisture, and air. The [[Fossa Alterna]] and [[Fill and Cover - Arborloo|Arborloo]] are ambient temperature variations of high-temperature composting In these technologies, there is almost no temperature rise because vegetable matter is lacking. For that reason, the material is not actually ‘compost’ and is therefore referred to as ‘EcoHumus’.
The WHO guidelines stipulate that the compost should achieve and maintain a temperature of 50°C for at least one week before it is considered safe (although to achieve this value, a significantly longer period of composting is required). The WHO guidelines should be consulted for detailed information. For systems that generate EcoHumus in-situ (i.e. Fossa Alterna), a minimum of 1 year of storage is recommended to eliminate bacterial pathogens and reduce viruses and parasitic protozoa.
Compost/EcoHumus can be used beneficially to improve the quality of soils by adding nutrients and organics and improving the soil’s ability to store air and water. The texture and quality of the EcoHumus depends on the materials, which have been added to the excreta (especially the type of soil).
{{procontable | pro=
- Potential income generation (improved yield and productivity of plants). <br> - Low risk of pathogen transmission. <br> - Can improve the structure and water-holding capacity of soil. <br> - Simple technique for all users. <br> - Low cost. | con=
- Requires a year or more of maturation. <br> - Does not replace fertilizer (N, P, K).
}}
==Adequacy==
Compost/EcoHumus can be mixed into the soil before crops are planted, used to start seedlings or indoor plants or simply mixed into an existing compost pile for further treatment.
For poor soils, equal parts of compost and top soil have shown to improve productivity. The output from one Fossa Alterna should be sufficient for two 1.5m by 3.5m beds. Vegetable gardens filled with the Eco- Humus from the Fossa Alterna have shown dramatic improvements over gardens planted without compost, and has even made agriculture possible in areas which would have not otherwise supported crops.
==Health Aspects/Acceptance==
A small risk of pathogen transmission exists, but if in doubt, any material removed from the pit can be composted further in a regular compost heap, or mixed with additional soil and put into a ‘tree pit’, i.e. a nutrient-filled pit used for planting a tree.
As opposed to sludge, which originates from a variety domestic, chemical and industrial sources, compost has very few chemical inputs. The only chemical sources that could contaminate compost might originate from contaminated organic material (e.g. pesticides) or from chemicals that are excreted by humans (e.g. medication). Compared to the cleaning, pharmaceutical and processing chemicals that may find their way into sludge, compost can be considered as a less contaminated product.
Acceptability may be low at first, but demonstration units and hands-on experience are effective ways of demonstrating the non-offensive nature of the material.
==Maintenance==
The material must be allowed to mature adequately before it is removed from the system and then it can be used without further treatment.
==References==
* Elizabeth Tilley et.al (2008). [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systems.)
* Del Porto, D. and Steinfeld, C. (1999). The Composting Toilet System Book. A Practical Guide to Choosing, Planning and Maintaining Composting Toilet Systems, an Alternative to Sewer and Septic Systems. The Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention (CEPP), Massachusetts, USA.
* Jenkins, J. (1999). The Humanure Handbook: a Guide to Composting Human Manure. (2nd ed.). Jenkins Publishing, Grove City, Pa, USA. Available: http://www.jenkinspublishing.com
* Morgan, P. (2004). An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa: A Compilation of Experiences. Aquamor, Harare, Zimbabwe. Available: http://www.ecosanres.org
* Morgan, P. (2007). Toilets that make compost. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. pp 81–90. Available: http://www.ecosanres.org
* NWP (2006). Smart Sanitation Solutions. Examples of innovative, low-cost technologies for toilets, collection, transportation, treatment and use of sanitation products. Netherlands Water Partnership, The Netherlands. pp 49.
{{santable|
sys1=[[Waterless System with Alternating Pits|2]]|
sys2=|
sys3=|
sys4=|
sys5=|
sys6=|
sys7=|
sys8=|
pic=Application_of_compost_eco_humus.png|
ApplHousehold=XX|
ApplNeighbourhood=XX|
ApplCity=X|
ManHousehold=XX|
ManShared=XX|
ManPublic=X|
Input1=Compost/EcoHumus |Input2= |Input3= | Input4= |Input5=|
Output1= |Output2= | Output3= | Output4= | Output5=
}}
'''Composting is the term used to describe the controlled aerobic degradation of organics into a soil-like substance called compost. ‘EcoHumus’ is a term taken from Peter Morgan (see references) and is a more appropriate word to use for the material removed from a Fossa Alterna because it is produced passively underground and has a slightly different composition.'''
The process of thermophilic composting generates heat (50 to 80°C) which kills the majority of pathogens present. For the composting process to occur there must be adequate carbon, nitrogen, moisture, and air. The [[Fossa Alterna]] and [[Fill and Cover - Arborloo|Arborloo]] are ambient temperature variations of high-temperature composting In these technologies, there is almost no temperature rise because vegetable matter is lacking. For that reason, the material is not actually ‘compost’ and is therefore referred to as ‘EcoHumus’.
The WHO guidelines stipulate that the compost should achieve and maintain a temperature of 50°C for at least one week before it is considered safe (although to achieve this value, a significantly longer period of composting is required). The WHO guidelines should be consulted for detailed information. For systems that generate EcoHumus in-situ (i.e. Fossa Alterna), a minimum of 1 year of storage is recommended to eliminate bacterial pathogens and reduce viruses and parasitic protozoa.
Compost/EcoHumus can be used beneficially to improve the quality of soils by adding nutrients and organics and improving the soil’s ability to store air and water. The texture and quality of the EcoHumus depends on the materials, which have been added to the excreta (especially the type of soil).
{{procontable | pro=
- Potential income generation (improved yield and productivity of plants). <br> - Low risk of pathogen transmission. <br> - Can improve the structure and water-holding capacity of soil. <br> - Simple technique for all users. <br> - Low cost. | con=
- Requires a year or more of maturation. <br> - Does not replace fertilizer (N, P, K).
}}
==Adequacy==
Compost/EcoHumus can be mixed into the soil before crops are planted, used to start seedlings or indoor plants or simply mixed into an existing compost pile for further treatment.
For poor soils, equal parts of compost and top soil have shown to improve productivity. The output from one Fossa Alterna should be sufficient for two 1.5m by 3.5m beds. Vegetable gardens filled with the Eco- Humus from the Fossa Alterna have shown dramatic improvements over gardens planted without compost, and has even made agriculture possible in areas which would have not otherwise supported crops.
==Health Aspects/Acceptance==
A small risk of pathogen transmission exists, but if in doubt, any material removed from the pit can be composted further in a regular compost heap, or mixed with additional soil and put into a ‘tree pit’, i.e. a nutrient-filled pit used for planting a tree.
As opposed to sludge, which originates from a variety domestic, chemical and industrial sources, compost has very few chemical inputs. The only chemical sources that could contaminate compost might originate from contaminated organic material (e.g. pesticides) or from chemicals that are excreted by humans (e.g. medication). Compared to the cleaning, pharmaceutical and processing chemicals that may find their way into sludge, compost can be considered as a less contaminated product.
Acceptability may be low at first, but demonstration units and hands-on experience are effective ways of demonstrating the non-offensive nature of the material.
==Maintenance==
The material must be allowed to mature adequately before it is removed from the system and then it can be used without further treatment.
==References==
* Elizabeth Tilley et.al (2008). [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_high.pdf Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies] ([http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf low res version]). Department of Water and Sanitation in Development Countries ([http://www.sandec.ch/ Sandec]) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). (Provides a full overview of sanitation systems.)
* Del Porto, D. and Steinfeld, C. (1999). The Composting Toilet System Book. A Practical Guide to Choosing, Planning and Maintaining Composting Toilet Systems, an Alternative to Sewer and Septic Systems. The Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention (CEPP), Massachusetts, USA.
* Jenkins, J. (1999). The Humanure Handbook: a Guide to Composting Human Manure. (2nd ed.). Jenkins Publishing, Grove City, Pa, USA. Available: http://www.jenkinspublishing.com
* Morgan, P. (2004). An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa: A Compilation of Experiences. Aquamor, Harare, Zimbabwe. Available: http://www.ecosanres.org
* Morgan, P. (2007). Toilets that make compost. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. pp 81–90. Available: http://www.ecosanres.org
* NWP (2006). Smart Sanitation Solutions. Examples of innovative, low-cost technologies for toilets, collection, transportation, treatment and use of sanitation products. Netherlands Water Partnership, The Netherlands. pp 49.