Community-Led Total Sanitation
Photo: SSWM
Community-Led Total Sanitation is a way to mobilize a community, with the goal to completely eliminate open defecation in a community area. The community is facilitated to make their own analysis of open defecation and the faecal-oral contamination that it leads to. The aim is to generate a sense of 'shame' and 'disgust' among the members of the community, which mobilizes the community to take their own action to end open defecation, for example through the construction of latrines and changes of sanitation behaviour. Subsidies for hardware are not used.
'Total Sanitation' refers to 100% sanitation coverage in a target area, usually through a combination of awareness raising and affordable sanitation options.
Advantages
There are two important realizations which are at the center of the Community-Led Total Sanitation approach. The first is that merely providing toilets does not guarantee their use, and does not automatically result in improved sanitation behaviour. Projects that started with prescribed high sanitation standards and subsidies have often led do uneven adoption, problems with sustainability, and partial use. Using subsidies as an incentive also can lead to a culture of dependence on subsidies.
The second realization is that as long as even a minority of people continues to practice open defecation, everyone in the community is at risk of disease. Individual hygiene can affect the health of a whole community.
Community-Led Total Sanitation, if successful, triggers the community's desire to change and stimulates them to act. This leads to better ownership of the solutions, and greater sustainablity.
Description of the Approach
A movie of the process by WaterAid describes the process in the following steps1:
- Step 1: The community discuss the impacts of open defecation with an external facilitator.
- Step 2: Together, they visit sites of open defecation.
- Step 3: The community maps out the areas of open defecation, by drawing a map.
- Step 4: The community works out how much human waste they produce in total. On average, one house generates over one metric tonne of faeces per year. Without latrines, this waste is spread everywhere, which makes people ill.
- Step 5: The community draws up an action plan to tackle the situation.
- Step 6: Health and Hygiene education sessions are carried out.
- Step 7: The facilitator and community work out an action plan.
- Step 8: Construction of latrines begins. Members of the community who are not abiding by the new rules are somehow discouraged from this behaviour, for example by putting flags in outdoor faeces, or by issuing a fine.
- Step 9: Latrines are now available to everyone and hygiene education continues.
- Step 10: The community is awarded defecation free status and a sign is erected at the beginning of the village.
Potential
Community-Led Total Sanitation can be very effective in achieving better sanitation and hygiene behaviour. However, the uptake of the approach can be difficult, for example because the shift away from subsidies sometimes requires a different mindset. Good management and support are needed for organizations that support the communities. The approach has both been used by small NGO programmes and by large scale governmental programmes. In some cases, problems with monitoring, mediation and the supply chain exist, and it is unclear which mix of approaches is most effective.
Community-Led Total Sanitation can be a very good starting point for other community action activities, as it mobilizes the community towards common action. As sanitation interventions have immediate health benefits, this demonstrates the power of collective action, which builds confidence in the community to undertake other developmental projects as well.
Field experiences
Community-Led Total Sanitation was first pioneered in Bangladesh in 1999 by Kamal Kar (see external links for a list of his articles on the subject), and since then has been widely adopted in that country in in others, particularly in South and Southeast Asia. The approach is also being used in Africa, notably in Uganda and Zambia.2
| Akvo RSR Project: Coastal area Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
The project will provide communication support (planning, producing materials, support in dissemination) to field partners towards effective communication to reach target population with Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education messages and improve WASH practices in the target areas. |
| Akvo RSR Project: Support on WASH of communities in Miyo woreda
The project name is Local Capacity Building Support on WASH Practices of Pastoral Communities in Miyo with the project budget of 74,561.21 (53,303.20 and 21258 Euro to be raised from RAIN and ICCO). It has a total beneficiaries of 3168 (1528 F) people residing in target kebeles of Miyo Woreda. It has project period of one year, July 2012 - February 2013. |
| Akvo RSR Project: Cost effective means of financing WASH
Wuzda have considered water as a right for every person to access as a basic necessity. The Tamale rural has attracted 8.13% for a population of 61,175. Although Tamale is a metropolitan area but it has almost the same features as many districts in the region. Many districts in the region by coverage have attracted up to between 37% -94% water sanitation and hygiene facilities. Therefore we need to plan with the Tamale metropolitan Assembly to serve the deprived communities. |
| Akvo RSR Project: Upscaling sanitation with community credit
This project will be implemented by INTAGRAD in 20 communities the Nanumba South and Nanumba North districts in the Northern Region of Ghana. Key words are: Direct service delivery, Credit delivery, stakeholder collaboration, and local level advocacy activities. This project also serves to further pilot, optimize and upscale an innovative financial mechanism, in which credits for household latrines are organized through a community based approach involving banks. |
| Akvo RSR Project: Upscaling CLTS for Healthy Communities
The project seeks to provide women, girls and basic schools within communities in the Karaga District with good drinking water through rainwater harvesting, improvement of conventional sources and sanitation services and information. Capacity trainings are also targeted at the women to demystify construction processes to increase participation of the women with construction and repair to make outcomes more sustainable. |
| Akvo RSR Project: Partnership in WASH services delivery
This project increases access to and use of sustainable water, sanitation and hygiene services in 10 communities in the Central Gonja District of Northern region. The strategy is a programmatic approach involving several partners, including the public and private sectors. The 'FIETS' principle is the guiding principle to ensure sustainability of all interventions. Focus will also be on institutional water and sanitation, and at the community level - environmental sanitation. |
| Akvo RSR Project: Northern Region WASH Programme
The Northern Region Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Programme is 5-year rolling project using a programmatic approach. It aims to empower communities in the Northern region of Ghana to assert their rights to WASH in order to increase access to WASH facilities and services. It is being implemented by a consortium of 5 NGOs (Simli AiD, Presby Water Project, AFORD Fdn, GYAM and NewEnergy) and mainly supported by SIMAVI under the Dutch WASH Alliance (DWA) framework. It is in its 2nd year of implementation. |
| Akvo RSR Project: Scaling-up using CLTS in Kenya
Six Dutch NGOs with a lot of experience on water, sanitation and hygiene work together in a ‘WASH alliance’. The WASH alliance is composed of 6 organisations that pool together expertise and provide the opportunity for greater impact in developing countries. The alliance is set to mobilise and strengthen key actors from civil society and public and private sectors. The WASH alliance also offers local actors to take the lead in the implementation of the programme. |
| Akvo RSR Project: MWA-LAP: Colombia
Positively impact 8,000 people in La Guajira, Colombia by: |
External links
- Stefanie Keller, Community-Led Total Sanitation. SSWM.
- Community-Led Total Sanitation. Livelihoods connect website. Contains many links.
- Rural sanitation: total sanitation approach no ‘magic bullet’ for South Asia. IRC news item, with link to study.
- Handbook on Community-Led Total Sanitation. Plan International (2008).
- Ten steps to total sanitation, animation produced by WaterAid. The movie is available on YouTube, and can be downloaded.
- Kar, Kamal (2003). Subsidy or Self-respect? Participatory Total Community Sanitation in Bangladesh. IDS Working Paper, 50 pages.
- Kar, Kamal and Bongartz, Petra (2006). 'Update on Some Recent Developments in Community-Led Total Sanitation', Update paper on IDS Working Paper 257, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
References
- ↑ http://www.wateraid.org/uk/about_us/newsroom/6613.asp#watch Ten steps to total sanitation, animation produced by WaterAid.
- ↑ http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/bookshop/wp/wp257.pdf Kar, Kamal and Pasteur, Katherine (2005). Subsidy of Self-Respect? Community-Led Total Sanitation. An Update on Recent Developments. IDS Working Paper, 68 pages.