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绳子与水桶
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[[Image:rope and bucket icon.png|right|80px]]
[[Image:RopeandBucketphoto.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Rope and bucket system. Fass Toucouleur, Kaolack Region, Senegal. Photo: 绳子与水桶装置。塞内加尔的考拉克地区,法斯•图库勒尔,图片来源: [http://appropriateprojects.com/node/731 Fass Toucouleur Well Improvement Project.Toucouleur(法斯•图库勒尔)水井改善工程]]]__NOTOC__ <small-title />This device is mainly used with hand-dug wells. A bucket on a rope is lowered into the water. When the bucket hits the water it dips and fills, and is pulled up with the rope. The rope may be held by hand, run through a pulley, or wound on a windlass. Sometimes, animal traction is used in combination with a pulley. Improved systems use a rope through a pulley, and two buckets – one on each end of the rope. For water less than 10 m deep, a windlass with a hose running from the bottom of the bucket to a spout at the side of the well can be used. However, the hygiene of this system is poorer, even if the well is protected.绳桶装置主要用于手工挖掘井。将桶系在绳子上并降到水中,桶遇水后会下沉并打满水,随后再用绳子将其拉起。绳子可以由手拉动、运用滑轮或绕在绞盘上。有时,畜力牵拉可与滑轮一同使用。改良的装置中,绳子要绕过滑轮,还要用两只水桶(绳子两端各一只)。对于浅于10米的水,可使用带有软管的绞盘,软管从水桶底部连到井的出水口。然而,即使水井有防护装置,卫生情况仍较差。
===Suitable conditions适宜条件===
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center"
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! width="50%" style="background:#efefef;" | Advantages优势! style="background:#f0f8ff;" | Disadvantages不足
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| valign="top" | - Simple technology which is inexpensive to build and maintain.技术简易,造价与维护费用低廉<br>- Can be operated at depths of up to 100 m.最深可在100米处运作<br>- Water Delivery from Animal Operated Rope and Bucket Water Lifter of over 200 l/min for double bucket system.通过畜力运作的绳与双桶提水装置每分钟能供水200多升<br>| valign="top" | - Water Delivery from Human Operated Rope and Bucket Water Lifter is limited to 15 l/min. 通过人力运作的绳桶提水装置每分钟仅能供水15升<br>- Animals need to be maintained all year even when irrigation is not necessary.即使不用灌溉时,动物仍需要全年的养护<br>- Relatively low efficiency for traditional human and animal operated designs (10传统的人畜运作设计相对低效(10-40%).)<br>
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===Construction, operations and maintenance建造、运作与维护===[[Image:RopeandBucketdrawing.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Rope and bucket lifting device. Drawing: WHO.绳桶提水装置。图片来源:WHO(世界卫生组织)]]Range of depth: 0–15 m (or more sometimes).深度范围:0–15米(有时甚至更深)。
====Maintenance维护====The bucket is lowered and raised by playing out and pulling in the rope, or by rotating the windlass. Care must be taken to prevent the rope or bucket from be- coming soiled. Preventive maintenance consists of greasing the bearings of the windlass or pulley.Small repairs are limited to patching holes in the bucket and hose, reconnecting the hinge of the bucket, and fixing the windlass bearings or handle. All small repairs can be done by local people, and with tools and materials available in the community or area. Major repairs and replacements mainly consist of replacing the bucket, hose, rope, or part or all of the windlass. Woven nylon ropes may last for two years, but twined nylon or sisal ropes last only a few months. A good-quality hose may last for over two years, and most buckets last a year (depending on the material and quality). When people use their own rope and bucket, no extra organization is required. For community wells, a community committee usually organizes the maintenance and cleaning of the well, maintenance of the windlass, etc. Most repairs can be paid with ad hoc fund-raising.水桶的升降由放绳和拉绳、或旋转绞盘来控制。一定要小心防止绳子或水桶受到污染。预防性的维护包括给绞盘或滑轮的轴承上油。小型维修仅限于修补水桶和软管上的洞眼、重连水桶上的铰链及修复绞盘的轴承或把柄。所有的小型维修可由当地人完成,工具和材料可从社区或本地区就地取材。大型维修、置换主要包括更换水桶、软管、绳子及部分或整体的绞盘。编织尼龙绳可用两年,但尼龙搓绳或琼麻绳只能用几个月。优质软管可以使用两年以上,大多数水桶则是一年(由材料与质量决定)。当人们使用自己的绳子与水桶时,不需要额外的组织工作。如果是社区水井,则通常由社区委员会组织水井的维护与清洁,以及绞盘维护,等。可由特别的募集活动来提供大多数修补用的资金。
[[File:rope and bucket OM.jpg]]
====Potential problems潜在问题====— Poor-quality rope deteriorates quickly (e.g. sisal rope lasts for only a few months); 劣质绳子会很快损坏(如,琼麻绳只能用几个月);<br>— The bucket falls into the well ... to prevent this, communities can keep a spare bucket and fit the bucket into a protective cage; 水桶可能会掉入井中……为防止这一点,社区可以留一个备用的水桶,并放在保护笼中;<br> — The hose breaks frequently in windlass-and-hose systems; 绞盘和软管装置中的软管会时常破裂;<br>— Poor hygiene, especially when the rope or bucket touches users’ hands or the ground; 卫生状况不佳,尤其是绳子或水桶与使用者的手或地面接触后;<br>— Communal wells tend to become more contaminated than family-owned wells, and the latter should be promoted whenever possible; 公共井比家庭私有井更容易遭受污染,应当尽可能推行后者;<br>— The rope-and-bucket system is only suitable for limited depths.绳桶装置只适用于有限深度。
===Costs成本===From US$ 6 for a plastic bucket and 5 m of rope在利比里亚,从6美金一个塑料水桶和5米长的绳子,到150美金含一只绞盘、软管和封闭式的上层装置不等(Milkov, to US$ 150 with a windlass, hose and closed superstructure, in Liberia (Milkov, 1987).1987)。
===Field experiences实地经验===Area of use: All over the world.使用地区:全世界。
===Manuals, videos, and links指南、视频与链接===* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ah810e/AH810E05.htm 3. REVIEW OF PUMPS AND WATER LIFTNG TECHNIQUES水泵与提水技术评述]. FAOFAO(联合国粮农组织).* [http://www.cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/cd3wd/Practact/KnO-100410-human_animal_water_lifters.pdf HUMAN & ANIMAL POWERED WATER-LIFTING DEVICES FOR IRRIGATION用于灌溉的人力与畜力提水装置] (full PDF)(PDF全文). Practical ActionAction(实践基金会).* Extensive manual on water lifting methods: 提水方法广泛指南:[http://docs.watsan.net/Downloaded_Files/PDF/Baumann-2010-WASH.pdf WASH technology information packageWASH(水、环境卫生与个人卫生)技术信息包.] UNICEF, 2010UNICEF(联合国儿童基金会),2010.
===Acknowledgements鸣谢===* Brikke, François, and BrederoFrançois与Bredero, Maarten. [http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/117705 Linking technology choice with operation and maintenance in the context of community water supply and sanitation: A reference document for planners and project staff社区供水与公共卫生中的技术选择与运行维护:规划师与项目工作者参考资料] or 或([http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/om/wsh9241562153/en/ alternative link其它链接]). World Health Organization and Organization(世界卫生组织)和 IRC Water and Sanitation CentreCentre(IRC水与卫生中心). Geneva, Switzerland 瑞士日内瓦 2003.* [http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?products_id=378&attrib=1 Human- & Animal-Powered Water Lifters for Irrigation用于灌溉的人力与畜力提水装置.] Practical ActionAction(实践基金会).