[[Image:carelogo.png|thumb|right|150px|This section is based on a desk study written by [http://www.linkedin.com/pub/eric-fewster/4/333/a90 Eric Fewster], commissioned by [http://www.carenederland.org/ CARE Netherlands ] and the [http://www.rodekruis.nl/paginas/home.aspx Netherlands Red Cross]]]
Resilient WASH systems need to be able to cope with changes in the availability of water. This section explores what what which techniques can be used to improve water availability over space and time in areas not only prone to drought and changing climate variability, but also those areas with deteriorating water availability due to increasing water demands and human influences. This section focuses The focus is on water supply and non-motorized irrigation in rural areas for populations of up to 5,000 people. Resilience is a concept used to describe how to make water systems more robust in terms of water availability, thereby reducing the vulnerability of people that rely on them.
Both technical '''====Main content====*[[Impact of drought on WASH systems]] - Includes world maps on the locations of water stress, scarcity, and historical drought.*[[Drought and links to other disasters]] - How drought is linked to other major disasters such as poverty, inequality, and''' conflict.*[[Drought resilience - General issues|Drought resilience, non-technical components are important in discussing how solutions]] - Non-technical ways to make water systems more resilient. In many cases, it is not technical issues which cause projects to become unsustainable, but non-technical issues such as managementfinancial, institutional, environmental and social relationships and community dynamicsmeasures.The *[[Drought resilience - Technical solutions| Drought resilience, technical measures can be divided in three types:* Improving the availability of solutions]] - Technical solutions to make water over space (systems more points of water in an area means better access for people and livestock)resilient.* Improving the availability [[Drought cycle management]] - Four stages of water over time (more water available to span increasing length of dry seasonsdrought management: normal, oralert, relevant to agricultureemergency, short dry spells)recovery.* Improving techniques that influence water demand[[Framework for evaluation of projects in drought-prone areas]] - a set of questions to help evaluate projects.
====Availability of water over space====o Local recharge, retention/storage Both technical '''and re''' non-use of water, which technical components are increasingly being seen as the most important adaptations for ensuring in discussing how to make water availability and food securityto rural and urban populations, especially in developing countries in the face of climate changesystems resilient.37o Various methods for gaining more water from rainwater and groundwater sourcesIn many cases, some of it is not technical issues which are innovative and need further research.o Methods on how cause projects to limit impact on existing saline groundwater become unsustainable, but non-technical issues such as management, social relationships and how to recharge/dilute itcommunity dynamics.o Methods A useful model to increase available water to communities through treatment use is the [[FIETS sustainability principles| FIETS model]], which covers five dimensions of non-potable saline water.o Ways to improve handpump sustainability since this affects water availability in many areas: Financial, Institutional, Environmental, Technical, and Social.
====Availability of water over timeTechnical measures====Improvement The technical measures to consider while planning a project can be divided into three types:* [[Increasing availability of water over space|Improving the availability of water over time space]] (e.g. more points of water available to span increasing length of dry seasons, or even short dry spells when considering agricultureincrease access for people and livestock):o Methods to improve the siting and construction of physical structures in order to make them less prone to failure and more efficiently used. Such techniques may also applyin general (e.g. key methods to prevent sub-surface tanks from leaking will also apply in areas not prone to drought) – however, they are included insofar that they help toimprove reliability * [[Increasing availability of water over time|Improving the availability.o Suitable storage methods that take into account the high rain intensity that falls for short of water over time periods in many areas – such storage needs to be able to not only storeenough volume of ]] (more water available to last through many months of the entire dry season and/, or droughtwith agriculture, but also needs to be able to conserve evaporation given the high PET rates in manyareasshort dry spells).Suitable management of a variety of * Improving techniques that influence water sourcesdemand, where for example open such as water sources are used first so that most is used rather than evaporated-saving technologies, irrigation practices, leaving other storedwater for laterre-use techniques and drought-resistant crops.
====Non-technical measures====
* Financial & economic solutions - e.g. availability of micro-finance to users to replicate technology
* Institutional solutions - e.g. establishment of effective water user associations to manage communal facilities
* Environmental solutions - e.g. siting of seasonal water points in relation to pasture availability in pastoral areas
* Social solutions - e.g. changing behavior in water use, use of communal sources, etc.
====Influencing water demand====o Water__NOTOC__ <small-saving technologies and irrigation practiceso Re-use techniqueso Drought-resistant crops ==Non-technical measures==title />