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'''Aquaculture refers to the controlled cultivation of aquatic plants and animals; this technology sheet refers exclusively to the raising of fish while the following page on [[Floating Plant - Macrophyte - Pond|Floating Macrophytes]] addresses the cultivation of plants. Fish can be grown in ponds that receive effluent or sludge where they can feed on algae and other organisms that grow in the nutrient-rich water. Through feedingThe fish, thereby, remove the nutrients from the wastewater are removed and the fish are eventually harvested for consumption.'''
Three kinds of aquaculture designs for raising fish exist:
* Fertilization fertilization of fish ponds with excreta/sludgeeffluent; * Fertilization fertilization of fish ponds with effluentexcreta/sludge; and* fish grown directly in aerobic ponds (T.5 or T.6).
* Fish grown directly in introduced into aerobic pondscan effectively reduce algae and help control the mosquito population. It is also possible to combine fish and floating plants (D.10) in one single pond. The fish themselves do not dramatically improve the water quality, but because of their economic value they can offset the costs of operating a treatment facility. Under ideal operatingconditions, up to 10,000 kg/ha of fish can be harvested. If the fish are not acceptable for human consumption, they can be a valuable source of protein for other high-value carnivores (like shrimp) or converted into fishmeal for pigs and chickens.
===Design Considerations=== The design should be based on the quantity of nutrients to be removed, the nutrients required by the fish and the water requirements needed to ensure healthy living conditions (e.g., low ammonium levels, required water temperature, etc.). When introducing nutrients in the form of effluent or sludge , it is important to limit the additions such so that aerobic conditions are maintained. BOD should not exceed 1g1 g/m2d m2/d and oxygen should be at least 4mg4 mg/L. Fish introduced to aerobic ponds can effectively reduce algae and help control mosquito populations.
The Only fish themselves do not dramatically improve the water quality, but because of their economic value they can offset the costs of operating a treatment facility. Under ideal operating conditions, up to 10,000kg/ha tolerant of fish can low dissolved oxygen levels should be harvestedchosen. If the fish are They should not acceptable for human consumption, be carnivores and they can should be a valuable source tolerant to diseases and adverse environmental conditions. Different varieties of protein for other high-value carnivores (like shrimp) or converted into fishmeal for pigs carp, milkfish and tilapia have been successfully used, but the specific choice will depend on local preference and chickens.suitability
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{{procontable | pro=
- Can provide a cheap, locally available protein source. <br> - Potential for local job creation and income generation <br>- Low to moderate Relatively low capital costcosts; operating costs should be offset by production revenue. <br> - Potential for local job creation and income generation. <br> - Can be built and maintained with locally available materials. | con=- Fish may pose a health risk if improperly prepared or cooked. <br> - Requires abundance of fresh water. freshwater <br> - Requires a large land (pond) area. <br> - May require expert design and installation.<br>- Fish may pose a health risk if improperly prepared or cooked <br>- Social acceptance may be low in some areas
}}
===AdequacyAppropriateness=== A fish pond is only appropriate when where there is a sufficient amount of land (or preexisting pre-existing pond), a source of fresh water and a suitable climate. The water that is used to dilute the waste should not be too warm, and the ammonia ammonium levels should be kept low or negligible. Only fish that are tolerant because of low dissolved oxygen levels should be chosen. They should not be carnivores and they should be tolerant its toxicity to diseases and adverse environmental conditions. Different varieties of carp, milkfish and tilapia have been successful, but the specific choice will depend on local preference and suitabilityfish. This technology is only appropriate for warm or tropical climates with no freezing temperatures, and preferably with high rainfall and minimal evaporation.
===Health Aspects/Acceptance===Where there is no other source of readily available protein, this technology may be embraced. The quality and condition of the fish will also influence local acceptance. There may be concern about contamination of the fish, especially when they are harvested, cleaned and prepared. If they are cooked well, they should be safe, but it is advisable to move the fish to a clear-water pond for several weeks before they are harvested for consumption. WHO guidelines on wastewater and excreta use in aquaculture should be consulted for detailed information and specific guidance.
Where there is no other source of readily available protein, this technology may be embraced. The quality and condition of the fish will also influence local acceptance. There may be concern with contamination of the fish, especially during the harvesting, cleaning and preparation of the fish. If it is cooked well it should be safe, but it is advisable to move the fish to a clear-water pond for several weeks before they are harvested for consumption. ===Operation & Maintenance=== The fish need to be harvested when they reach an appropriate age/size. Sometimes after harvesting, the pond should be drained so that (a) it can be desludged and (b) it can be left to dry in the sun for 1 to 2 weeks to destroy any pathogens living on the bottom or sides of the pond. Workers should wear appropriate protective clothing.
===References===
* Cross, P. and Strauss, M. (1985). Health Aspects of Nightsoil and Sludge Use in Agriculture and Aquaculture. International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal, Dübendorf, CH.
* Cointreau, S., et al. (1987). [http://www.kit.nl/library/query.ashx?RecordID=108222 Aquaculture with treated wastewater: a status report on studies conducted in Lima, Perú]. Technical Note 3. UNDP/World Bank, Washington D.C. USA. 1987. * CrossEdwards, P. and StraussPullin, MR. (1985). [http://booksS.googleV.com/books/about/Health_Aspects_of_Nightsoil_and_Sludge_U.html?id=LsGwGAAACAAJ Health Aspects of Nightsoil and Sludge Use in Agriculture and Aquaculture](Eds. International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal, Dübendorf, Switzerland. * Edwards, P. and Pullin, RSV. (eds) (1990). [http://www.bvsde.paho.org/bvsacd/cd68/advanced.pdf Wastewater-Fed Aquaculture. Proceedings: International Seminar on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse for Aquaculture, Calcutta, India]IN. (Compilation of topical papers.)
* Iqbal, S. (1999). [http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/sandec/publikationen/wra/dl/duckweed.pdf Duckweed Aquaculture-. Potentials, Possibilities and Limitations for Combined Wastewater Treatment and Animal Feed Production in Developing Countries]. Eawag (Department Sandec), Dübendorf, SwitzerlandCH.:Available at: [http://www.sandec.ch sandec.ch]
* Joint FAO/NACA/WHO Study Group Johnson Cointreau, S. (19991987). Aquaculture with Treated Wastewater: A Status Report on Studies Conducted in Lima, Peru. Technical Note No. 3, Integrated Resource Recovery Project. The World Bank, Washington, D.C., US. 1987.:Available at: [http://wwwdocuments.whoworldbank.int/foodsafetyorg/publications/fs_managementcurated/en/aquaculturehome documents.pdf Food safety issues associated with products from aquaculture]worldbank. World Health Organization Technical Report Series No. 883. Available: http:org/curated/en/www.who.inthome]
* Mara, DD. Joint FAO/NACA/WHO Study Group (20041999). Food Safety Issues Associated with Products from Aquaculture. WHO Technical Report Series 883. World Health Organization, Geneva, CH.:Available at: [http://www.pseauwho.org/outils/ouvrages/earthscan_ltd_domestic_wastewater_treatment_in_developing_countries_2003int who.pdf Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countriesint]. Earthscan, London. pp 253–261.
* PolprasertMara, CD., et alD. (20012003). [http://www.who.int Domestic Wastewater Treatment IIin Developing Countries. Earthscan, London, Natural Systems for Wastewater Management]. Lecture NotesUK. IHE, Delftpp. Chapter 8 253- Aquaculture and Reuse Aspects261.
* Rose, GDG. D. (1999). [http://www.pseau.org/outils/ouvrages/crdi_community_based_technologies_for_domestic_wastewater_treatment_and_reuse_options_for_urban_agriculture_1999.pdf Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: options Options for urban agriculture]Urban Agriculture. International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, CA. :Available at: [ http://idrinfowww.sswm.idrcinfo/library sswm.ca IDRC Ottawainfo/library].
* Skillicorn, WWHO (2006).Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Journey, KExcreta and Greywater. Volume 3: Wastewater and SpiraExcreta Use in Aquaculture. World Health Organization, Geneva, P. (1993)CH. :Available at: [http://infohousewww.p2ricwho.org/ref/09/08875int who.htm Duckweed aquaculture: A new aquatic farming system for developing countriesint]. World Bank, Washington, DC.
===Acknowledgements===
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